T cell compositions with improved phenotypic properties

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides an isolated cell composition, which in some embodiments is suitable for adoptive immunotherapy, as well as methods of manufacturing the cell compositions and methods of treatment with the cell compositions. The composition comprises, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least about 106 CD8+ T cells specific for target peptide antigen(s), which comprises T memory stem (TSCM) cells. In various embodiments, the composition is from about 1% to about 100% T memory stem cells, providing for a robust and durable adoptive therapy, as well as providing for T cell engineering advances.

PRIORITY

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/757,467, filed Nov. 8, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application No.62/821,031, filed Mar. 20, 2019, and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/867,499, filed Jun. 27, 2019, each which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has beensubmitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, filed Mar. 4, 2020 is named“NEX-011_SequenceListing_ST25.txt” and is 12,288 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND

Immunotherapy has become a cornerstone in cancer therapy that includes abroad array of strategies aiming to unleash, direct, and boost thepatient's own immune system through adoptive transfer of expandednaturally circulating or genetically engineered cytotoxic lymphocytes.Despite recent advances in the field, current adoptive immunotherapiesencounter several challenges. For example, many adoptive immunotherapiescannot generate a sufficient level of engineered cytotoxic lymphocytesof clinical or therapeutic value from peripheral blood, or have aninability to uniformly engineer effector cells, or cannot provide asustained, long lasting therapeutic effect for the patient, resulting intumor re-occurrence and other complications. Thus, there is asignificant need for cell compositions that provide for more effective,durable, and safer adoptive immunotherapy options, including forpatients suffering from leukemia or lymphoma (including acute or chronicleukemia), as well as other patients that could benefit from adoptiveimmunotherapy. In various aspects and embodiments, the present inventionaddresses these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In various aspects and embodiments, the invention provides an isolatedcell composition, which is suitable for adoptive immunotherapy and/orgenetic engineering of T cells. The invention further provides methodsof manufacturing the cell compositions and methods of treatment with thecell compositions. The composition comprises, in a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, at least about 10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for targetpeptide antigen(s), and which comprises T memory stem (TSCM) cells. Invarious embodiments, the CD8+ T cells are at least about 1% T memorystem cells. In some embodiments, T memory stem cells are isolated,thereby preparing a composition substantially comprising T memory stemcells (e.g., 70% to 100% T_(SCM)). The compositions of the invention, byvirtue of the presence of significant levels of T_(SCM), can provide fora robust and durable adoptive therapy. The cell composition need notcomprise T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor or a recombinantTCR, and therefore, in various embodiments, provides an alternative tothese technologies that often produce more exhausted T cell phenotypesand less durable responses and greater toxicities. In other embodiments,the T_(SCM) are used to recombinately express a chimeric antigenreceptor or heterologous TCR, thereby preparing engineered T cells withhigh proliferative capacity and less exhausted phenotype.

In various embodiments, the cell composition comprises at least 1%, orat least 15% T memory stem cells and about 10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific forthe target peptide antigens, or at least about 10⁷, or at least about10⁸, or at least about 10⁹, or at least about 10¹⁰ CD8+ T cells specificfor the target peptide antigens, to provide robust destruction of targetcells and a long persistence in vivo. For example, for treatment ofacute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome, the cellcomposition may comprise T cells specific for WT1, PRAME, Survivin, andCyclin A1 peptide antigens, among others.

In various embodiments, the cell composition comprises from about 1% toabout 50% T memory stem cells, or from about 5% to about 25% T memorystem cells. In various embodiments, the T cells are at least 5% T memorystem cells, or the T cells are at least about 10% T memory stem cells,or the T cells are at least 20% T memory stem cells, or at least 25% Tmemory stem cells, which provides an adoptive immunotherapy compositionwith significant proliferative potential, as well asimmune-reconstitution capacity and longevity.

In various embodiments, greater than 95% of the CD8+ T cells in thecomposition comprise a memory phenotype. In various embodiments, thememory phenotype comprises, in addition to T_(SCM), one or more (or all)of central memory T cells (T_(CM)), effector memory T cells (T_(EM)),and effector memory RA+ T cells (T_(EMRA)). In some embodiments, atleast 80% of the memory phenotype is T_(SCM), T_(CM), and T_(EM).

In various embodiments, the CD8+ T cells in the composition comprise, inaddition to T_(SCM), central memory and effector memory T cells. Invarious embodiments, the T cells in the composition (and/or the T cellsspecific for the target antigens) are at least about 30% central oreffector memory T cells, or in some embodiments are at least about 50%central or effector memory T cells, or in some embodiments are at leastabout 70% central or effector memory cells, or in some embodiments areat least about 80% central or effector memory T cells, or in someembodiments are at least about 90% central or effector memory T cells.In some embodiments, the CD8+ T cells specific for the one or moretarget antigens are at least 50% central and effector memory T cells, orin some embodiments are at least 80% central and effector memory Tcells. In some embodiments, the combination of T_(SCM) and T_(CM) isfrom about 40% to about 70% of the CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, the cell composition comprises less than about 20%,or less than about 10%, terminally differentiated memory T cells (e.g.,T_(EMRA) cells), and less than about 30% naive cells, or in someembodiments less than about 15%, or in some embodiments less than about5%, or in some embodiments less than 1.5% naive cells. The cellphenotype disclosed herein can be created and/or controlled using anenrichment and expansion process with paramagnetic artificial AntigenPresenting Cells (aAPCs) and a recombinant T cell growth factorcocktail.

In various embodiments, the cell composition is at least about 70%, orat least about 80%, or at least about 90% CD8+ or CD4− T cells (e.g.,CD3+CD8+ or CD3+CD4− cells). For example, the isolated cell compositionmay be characterized by having less than about 10%, or less than about5% CD4+ T cells. When expanding CD8+ T cells ex vivo, CD4+ cells have atendency to overgrow the CD8+ cells and compete for growth signals, andexogenous CD4+ cells are not necessary for a robust and durable in vivoresponse.

In various embodiments, the antigen-specific T cells display apolyfunctional phenotype upon activation. In some embodiments, at least10% of the CD8+ T cells, or in some embodiments at least 20% of the CD8+T cells, or in some embodiments at least 40% of the CD8+ T cells,display a polyfunctional phenotype upon activation. For example, uponactivation the T cells are positive for two or more of: intracellularstaining for IL-2, IFN-γ production, production of TNF-α, and CD107A. Invarious embodiments, at least 20% of the antigen-specific T cellsdisplay at least two of these markers. In various embodiments, at least20% of the antigen-specific T cells display at least three of thesemarkers, or in some embodiments all four of these markers. In variousembodiments, at least 5% of the CD8+ T cells are multi-antigenic,meaning the CD8+ T cells are capable of responding to multiple tumor orviral antigens in vitro or in vivo.

In various embodiments, the cell composition further comprises γδ Tcells. γδ T cells have a distinctive T-cell receptor (TCR) on theirsurface. γδ T cells may have a role in recognition of lipid antigens andphospho antigens, and can provide anti-pathogen and anti-tumormechanisms that are not HLA-dependent. Further, γδ T cells can providehelp to the CD8+ cells. Clinical significance of γδ T cells in thecontext of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has beenobserved, and in particular, higher frequencies of γδ T cells aftertransplantation were associated with favorable outcomes.

Cell compositions in accordance with various embodiments can be preparedby an enrichment and expansion process. In some embodiments, CD8+ cellsare enriched that are specific for the target antigen(s) (e.g., tumorassociated antigens or viral-associated antigens). This cell population,even when predominately naive cells in the source lymphocytes, can berapidly expanded in culture to arrive at the cell compositions describedherein. Enrichment can take place using paramagnetic beads to positivelyselect cell populations, and which can have the added advantage ofactivating naive cells and other T cell populations due to potentmagnetic clustering of T cell surface receptors. For example,paramagnetic beads or nanoparticles may contain monomeric or multimeric(e.g., dimeric) HLA ligands presenting peptide antigens, along with aco-stimulation signal on the same or different particles, such as anagonist for CD28 (e.g., an antibody agonist of CD28). In someembodiments, CD28+ cells are also enriched, which can be simultaneouswith antigen-specific enrichment.

In various embodiments, the target peptide antigens are tumor or cancerassociated antigens, including tumor-derived, tumor-specific antigens,and neoantigens. T cells specific for tumor-associated antigens areoften very rare, and in many cases undetectable, in the peripheral bloodof healthy individuals. This is often a distinction observed betweenviral-specific and tumor antigen-specific T cells.

In some embodiments, the target peptide antigens include at least onethat is associated with or derived from a pathogen, such as a viral,bacterial, fungal, or parasitic pathogen. For example, at least onepeptide antigen may be associated with HIV, hepatitis (e.g., B, C, or D)CMV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza, herpes virus (e.g., HSV 1 or2, or varicella zoster), and Adenovirus. CMV, for example, is the mostcommon viral pathogen found in organ transplant patients and is a majorcause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing bone marrow orperipheral blood stem cell transplants. Viral activation is known to beimplicated in cancer biology.

In still other embodiments, the cell composition comprises T cellsspecific for tumor-associated antigens, with pathogen-associated antigenspecific T cells provided as bystander cells. Other bystander cellsinclude γδ T cells. Specifically, by enriching with HLA-peptide andanti-CD28, bystander cells will be enriched, and expanded, particularlywhen using a T cell growth factor cocktail that can drive somenon-specific expansion of these cells without antigen-specificactivation. In these embodiments, while a large portion of thecomposition are T cells specific for the target peptides (e.g., from 5%to 75%), remaining T cells (from about 0.25% to about 25%) provide somereconstitution of the immune system for common pathogens, which isparticularly beneficial after transplant or beneficial in cancers withviral etiology.

Some embodiments employ T cell growth factors during expansion, whichaffect proliferation and/or differentiation of T cells. Particularlyuseful cytokines include MIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10,IL-21, and INF-γ. In these or other embodiments, the cells are expandedin culture in the presence of a cytokine cocktail comprising one, two,or three cytokines selected from MIP-1β, IL-1β, and IL-6. In someembodiments, the cytokines further comprise IL-10. In some embodiments,the growth factors comprise or consist essentially of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6,INF-γ, and IL-1β. Cells can be expanded in culture from 1 to 4 weeks,such as from about 10 to about 21 days.

In other aspects, the invention provides methods for manufacturing thecell compositions, including by enrichment and expansion with aAPCs asdescribed herein. Specifically, after depletion of CD4+ cells fromsource lymphocytes (e.g., from a healthy donor or from a patient in needof adoptive immunotherapy), antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are enrichedfor T cells specific for the target peptide antigens, as well as CD28+cells in some embodiments. Target cells can be enriched usingnanoparticle or microparticle aAPCs, such as superparamagneticnanoparticles that activate T cells ex vivo by magnetic field inducedclustering of cell surface receptors. Other materials, including latexor other polymeric-based nanoparticles can also be used to cluster cellsurface receptors (without magnetic-induced clustering). Enriched Tcells can then be rapidly expanded ex vivo, including with the use ofreconstituted T cell growth factors (e.g., comprising factors selectedfrom MIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21,IFN-γ). In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in culture in thepresence of one, two, or three cytokines selected from MIP-1β, IL-1β,IL-6, and IL-10. In some embodiments, the growth factors comprise orconsist essentially of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β. In variousembodiments, these cytokines are used in conjunction with artificial ornatural antigen presenting cells to expand antigen specific T cells.

In other aspects, the invention provides methods for adoptive celltherapy, including methods for treating a patient with cancer, and/orpatients that have undergone allogeneic stem cell transplantation, withor without lympho-deleting therapy, cyto-reductive therapy,immunomodulatory therapy (prior to administration of the cell therapy).The cell therapy may be further provided with or without cytokinesupport post treatment. In some embodiments, the patient has ahematological cancer, which in some embodiments has relapsed afterallogeneic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the patienthas acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome. Forexample, in some embodiments, the cell composition comprises T cellsspecific for WT1, PRAME, Survivin, and Cyclin A1 peptide antigens.However, in other embodiments, the cancers include various types ofsolid tumors, including carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas. Exemplarytarget peptide antigens are described herein.

In some embodiments, the patient has an infectious disease or is at riskfor an infectious disease. For example, patients that have undergoneHSCT are at particular risk for infectious disease, given theimmunocompromised state. Infectious diseases that can be treated orprevented include those caused by bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi,parasites, helminths, etc. Such diseases include AIDS, hepatitis B/C,CMV infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, influenza, herpesvirus infection (including shingles), and adenovirus infection.

In still other embodiments, the invention provides a method for making apopulation of γδ T cells. The method comprises expanding a population ofcells comprising γδ T cells in the presence of two or more of IL-2,IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β. Before expansion, the population of cellscomprises less than about 20% or less than about 10% or less than about8% γδ T cells. In some embodiments, the population of cells is CD28enriched. In some embodiments, the population of cells is CD4+ depleted.Expansion of cells in culture can take place as described herein, suchas for 1 to 4 weeks. γδ T cells can be separated from other cells usingknown methods, such as cell sorting, and can be provided as a cellcomposition for adoptive transfer or research use, and alternatively maybe modified to express one or more heterologous or engineered genes,such as a heterologous or engineered T cell receptor (e.g., αβ TCR),including a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR).

Other aspects and embodiments will be apparent from the followingdetailed description.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is an image showing the Artificial Immune Modulation (AIM)platform for the generation of CD8+ antigen specific T cells.

FIG. 2 is an image showing AIM ACT (Adoptive Cellular Therapy) and theEnrichment and Expansion (E+E) cellular expansion system that enablesrapid in vitro enrichment and expansion of antigen-specific T cells.

FIG. 3 has two graphs showing the enriched and expanded antigen-specificcell product for the AIM ACT platform. The graph on the left shows thetotal number of CD8+ T cells generated from fresh PBMCs of four healthydonors after the T cells were enriched and expanded ex vivo forAML-specific antigens WT1_(37-45, 126-134), PRAME₄₂₅, and CyclinA1_(227-235, 341-351). The graph on the right shows the percentage totalof the same acute myeloid leukemia (AML) specific antigens after theCD8+ T cells were enriched and expanded ex vivo.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show that the CD8+ T cells generated by the AIM ACTplatform comprise memory T cells. FIG. 4A shows the AML antigen-specificCD8+ T cell population after enrichment but prior to expansion at Day 0(top), and after expansion at Day 14 (bottom). T_(CM)=central memory Tcells (CD62L+, CD45RA−); T_(N)=naïve T cells (CD62L+, CD45RA+);T_(EM)=effector memory T cells (CD62L−, CD45RA−); T_(EMRA)=effectormemory RA+ T cells (CD62L−, CD45RA+); T_(SCM)=T memory stem cells(CD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+). FIG. 4B shows the memory T cell phenotypes forT_(SCM), T_(CM), T_(EM), and T_(EMRA) on day 14 after AML-specificenrichment and expansion for AML specific antigens WT1_(37-45, 126-134),PRAME₄₂₅, Cyclin A1_(227-235, 341-351).

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show that AML specific T cells enriched and expandedex vivo have a high degree of polyfunctional phenotype, includingintracellular staining for IL-2 (proliferation and memory), IFN-γ(activating other T cells, memory, upregulation of MEW), TNF-α(pro-inflammatory), and CD107A (granzyme release, cytotoxic activity).The majority of AML-specific T cells (i.e., about 62%) demonstrated 3-4effector functions upon non-specific stimulation (FIG. 5A, top). In FIG.5A (bottom), the graph shows the percentage of T cells expressing IL-2,TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD107A. In FIG. 5A, the T cells were stimulated bynon-specific stimulation of peptide-pulsed T2 cells. In FIG. 5B, a graphis shown of T cell mediated tumor specific killing of AML cell line U266at two effector to target (E:T) ratios, 10:1 (left bar) and 20:1 (rightbar), using CTLs generated from fresh PBMCs of healthy donors with AMLspecific antigens WT1_(37-45, 126-134), PRAME425, and CyclinA1_(227-235, 341-351).

FIG. 6 consists of four graphs comparing the specificity of Mart-1specific T cells generated by the enrichment and expansion processbetween melanoma patient derived PBMCs (top) and healthy donor derivedPBMCs (bottom). The enrichment and expansion process produces aconsistent cellular composition regardless of the donor source. The datain this experiment was generated from frozen PBMCs.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing that the AIM ACT based E+E process generated aTCR repertoire that mimics the natural immune response, therebyproviding a robust adoptive therapy from a natural T cell repertoirethat has undergone natural selection. The breadth of the polyclonal TCRrepertoire enables a natural and durable immune response.

FIG. 8 has graphs showing that the E+E process generated significantamounts of multiple myeloma antigen-specific T memory stem (T_(SCM))cells ((CD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+). The graphs show the phenotype ofmultiple myeloma-specific antigenic T cells pre and post expansion froma healthy donor leucopak.

FIG. 9A shows the phenotype of T cells enriched and expanded ex vivo inbatch for multiple myeloma antigen-specific T cells from a healthy donorleucopak. The graphs show that the E+E process generated significantamounts of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (˜1.6×10⁹ CD8+ T cells based onhinge dimer staining) that comprise T memory stem (T_(SCM)) cells,central memory T cells T_(CM), and effector memory T (T_(EM)) cells.FIG. 9B shows the phenotype of T cells enriched and expanded ex vivo inbatch for multiple myeloma antigen-specific T cells from four differentclinical multiple myeloma patients. The graphs show that the enrichmentand expansion process generated significant amounts of antigen-specificCD8+ T cells that comprise T memory stem (T_(SCM)) cells, central memoryT cells T_(CM), and effector memory T (T_(EM)) cells.

FIG. 10 shows production of γδ T cells, including Vδ1 and Vδ2 TCRsubtypes.

FIG. 11 shows the percent γδ T cells at Day 14, after expanding forvarious antigen-specific T cells (AML, MM, EBV, MART-1). The percent γδT cells at Day 14 broadly correlates with the number of γδ T cells atDay 0.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

T cell memory is heterogeneous in composition, comprised of stable,resting, phenotypically-distinct subsets of surface markers capable ofunique functional responses upon stimulation. Subsets related bydifferentiation include central memory T cells (T_(CM)), effector memoryT cells (T_(EM)), effector memory RA+ T cells (T_(EMRA)), and T memorystem cells (T_(SCM)). Memory T cells develop when antigen-specific naiveCD4+ or CD8+ T cells become activated upon antigen exposure andsubsequently undergo proliferative expansion and differentiation.Accordingly, persistent memory is essential for long-term protectionagainst infections and malignancies. Only the T_(SCM) subset cells of Tmemory cells have been shown to differentiate into central memory Tcells (T_(CM)), effector memory (T_(EM)), and terminal effector T cells(T_(TE)). However, T memory stem cells are scarce and represent a smallproportion of circulating lymphocytes. Generating clinically relevantamounts of T memory stem cells, e.g., for adoptive immunotherapy, iscurrently not feasible. Therefore, technologies are needed that cangenerate, expand, and enable the redirection of T_(SCM) cells againstcancer and infectious disease antigens.

Disclosed herein are isolated cell compositions having at least about10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for target peptide antigen(s), and whichcomprise T_(SCM) cells. The T_(SCM) cells of the present disclosureexpress surface markers that are similar to naïve T cells, but expresselevated levels of the CD95 surface marker. Such T_(SCM) cells are theleast differentiated and expanded memory subset. Compared to othermemory subsets, the T_(SCM) cells of the present disclosure demonstratean enormous proliferative capability, are capable of reconstituting thefull repertoire of memory and effector T cells, and are a long-term,stable population of cells endowed with superior homeostatic anddifferentiation capabilities. Thus, the compositions disclosed hereinhaving at least about 10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for target peptideantigen(s), and which comprise T_(SCM) cells provide a highly effectiveanti-tumor composition that can generate, expand, and enable theredirection of T_(SCM) cells against cancer cells at clinically relevantamounts for therapeutic applications.

In various aspects and embodiments, the invention provides an isolatedcell composition, as well as methods of manufacturing the cellcompositions and methods of treatment with the cell compositions. Insome embodiments, the cell compositions are used for adoptive celltherapy. The composition comprises, in a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier, at least about 10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for target peptideantigen(s), and which comprise T_(SCM) cells. In various embodiments,the CD8+ T cells are at least about 1% T_(SCM) cells. In someembodiments, T_(SCM) cells are isolated, thereby preparing a compositioncomprising nearly 100% T memory stem cells (e.g., at least 90% T_(SCM)cells). In some embodiments, a composition of from about 70% to about100% T memory stem cells is created. The compositions of the invention,by virtue of the presence of significant levels of T memory stem cells,provide for a robust and durable adoptive therapy. The cell compositionneed not comprise T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)or a recombinant TCR, and therefore, in various embodiments, provides analternative to these technologies that often produce more exhausted Tcell phenotypes and less durable responses. In other embodiments, theT_(SCM) are used to recombinately express a chimeric antigen receptor orheterologous TCR (e.g., αβ TCR or γδ TCR), thereby preparing engineeredT cells with high proliferative capacity and less exhausted phenotypethan previously described. Thus, the T_(SCM) cells can be used forengineering T cells with CARs or heterologous TCRs.

As used herein, the term “target peptide antigen(s)” or “targetantigens” refers to peptide antigens employed ex vivo to enrich and/orexpand the desired CD8+ cell population, for example in connection withartificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) or professional AntigenPresenting Cell (pAPC) platforms (e.g., dendritic cells). The aAPCs orpAPCs are employed to activate and expand CTLs from donor or patientlymphocytes. In some embodiments, the target peptide antigens arepeptide epitopes loaded onto aAPCs for ex vivo enrichment and expansionof specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, the term “specific for the targetpeptide antigen” means that the T cell is antigen experienced with thetarget antigen.

In various embodiments, the cell composition comprises at least about10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for the target peptide antigens, or at leastabout 10⁷ CD8+ T cells specific for the target peptide antigens, or atleast about 10⁸, at least about 10⁹, or at least about 10¹⁰ CD8+ T cellsspecific for the target peptide antigens, to provide robust destructionof target cells. In some embodiments, the cell composition contains from1×10⁷ to 1×10⁹ CD8+ T cells specific for the target antigens, or in someembodiments from 5×10⁷ to 5×10⁸ CD8+ T cells specific for the targetantigens. For example, the composition can comprise from about 5×10⁵ toabout 5×10⁶ cells per ml, in a volume of from 50 to 200 ml. In certainembodiments, the volume of the composition is ≤100 ml (e.g., from 50 to100 ml). The cells of the composition in various embodiments are atleast 70% viable or at least about 80% or about 90% viable, and providedin a sterile medium, which may be a cryoprotectant medium (e.g., 10%DMSO). The medium can be an aqueous medium suitable for intravenousinfusion, e.g., including water and electrolytes. An exemplary medium isPLASMALYTE.

Disclosed herein is a cell composition comprising CD8+ cytotoxiclymphocytes (CTLs) and memory T cells. The CTLs of the presentdisclosure include the following T cell populations: naive, T memorystem cell, central memory, effector memory, and terminallydifferentiated memory cells. In accordance with embodiments of theinvention, T cells specific for the target antigens include asignificant amount of T_(SCM) cells. In various embodiments, the T cellsspecific for the target antigens further include central memory T cellsand effector memory T cells. The cell composition provides a durableresponse, including in vivo persistence of antigen-specific T cells forat least about 6 months, or at least about 12 months, or at least about18 months, or at least about two years in some embodiments.

A naive T cell has differentiated in bone marrow, and successfullyundergone the positive and negative processes of central selection inthe thymus. A naive T cell is considered mature and, unlike activated ormemory T cells, has not encountered its cognate antigen. Naive T cellscan be characterized by the surface expression of L-selectin (CD62L) andthe absence of activation surface markers. In the naive state, T cellsare generally quiescent and non-dividing. In accordance with thisdisclosure, naive T cells are defined as CD62L+ and CD45RA+.

Memory T cells include T memory stem cells (T_(SCM)), central memory andeffector memory T cells. Memory T cells have previously responded totheir cognate antigen. At a second encounter with the cognate antigen,memory T cells can reproduce to mount a faster and stronger immuneresponse. Memory T cells include at least T memory stem cells, effectormemory T cells, and central memory T cells. Memory T cell subtypes arelong-lived and can quickly expand to large numbers of effector T cellsupon re-exposure to their cognate antigen.

T memory stem cells (T_(scm)) are defined herein as CD45RA+ and ashaving at least the following surface markers: CD62L+, CD45RA+, andCD95+. In some embodiments, the T memory stem cells disclosed herein areCD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+ and may have one or more of the following surfacemarkers: CD28+, CD27+, CXCR3+CD11a+, IL-2Rβ+, CD58+, and CD57−. In someembodiments, the T memory stem cells comprise cells that are CD62L+,CD45RA+, CD28+, CD27+, and CD95+. In some embodiments, the T memory stemcells comprise cells that are CD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+ and CXCR3+. In someembodiments, the T memory stem cells comprise cells that are CD62L+,CD45RA+, CD95+ and CD11a+. In some embodiments, the T memory stem cellscomprise cells that are CD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+ and IL-2Rβ+. In someembodiments, the T memory stem cells comprise cells that are CD62L+,CD45RA+, CD95+ and CD58+. In some embodiments, the T memory stem cellscomprise cells that are CD62L+, CD45RA+, CD95+ and CD57−. This memorysubpopulation has the stem cell-like capacity for self-renewal, as wellas the multipotent capacity to reconstitute the memory and effector Tcell subpopulations. T_(SCM) cells typically represent a small fractionof circulating T lymphocytes (e.g., >5%), and have the ability toproliferate rapidly and release inflammatory cytokines in response toantigen re-exposure. Accordingly, T_(SCM) cells are a subset of thememory T cell subpopulation. The T_(SCM) cells can be created and/orcontrolled using, as disclosed herein, an enrichment and expansionprocess with paramagnetic artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs)and a recombinant T cell growth factor cocktail.

In accordance with this disclosure, central memory T cells (T_(CM)cells) are defined herein as CD62L+ and CD45RA−. This memorysubpopulation is commonly found in the lymph nodes and in the peripheralcirculation. Effector memory T cells (T_(EM) cells) are defined hereinas CD62L− and CD45RA−. These memory T cells lack lymph node-homingreceptors and are thus found in the peripheral circulation and tissues.TEMRA stands for terminally differentiated effector memory cellsre-expressing CD45RA (T_(emra)). These cells do not have the capacity todivide, and are CD62L− and CD45RA+.

T central memory (T_(CM)) cells display a capacity for self-renewal, andin accordance with embodiments of the invention, are also important forobtaining a long-lived effect. T_(EM) cells also have some capacity forself-renewal, and strongly express genes essential to the cytotoxicfunction. T_(EMRA) cells also provide robust cytotoxic function, but donot display a capacity for self-renewal.

The compositions in various embodiments comprise CTLs that aresubstantially composed of T_(SCM), T_(CM) and T_(EM) cells to balanceduration of the effect versus potent destruction of the malignancy orother target cells. For example, in some embodiments these cells make upat least about 75% or at least about 80% or at least about 90% of thememory phenotype.

In various embodiments, the T cells in the composition are at leastabout 30% central and effector memory cells, or at least about 40%central or effector memory cells, or at least about 50% central oreffector memory T cells, or in some embodiments are at least about 70%central or effector memory cells, or at least about 80% central oreffector memory T cells, or at least about 90% central or effectormemory T cells.

The cell composition comprises less than about 20% terminallydifferentiated memory T cells (e.g., T_(EMRA) cells), or less than about10% or less than about 5% or less than about 4% terminallydifferentiated memory T cells in some embodiments. In variousembodiments, the CD8+ T cells contain no more than about 30% naivecells, or in some embodiments, no more than about 15% naive cells, or nomore than about 10% naive cells, or no more than about 5% naive cells,or no more than about 4% naive cells, or no more than about 3% naivecells, or no more than about 2% naive cells, or no more than about 1.5%,or no more than about 1% naive cells.

In various embodiments, the CD8+ T cells contain from about 1% to about100% T memory stem cells, or in some embodiments, from about 1% to about50% T memory stem cells, or in some embodiments, from about 1% to about25% T memory stem cells, or from about 5% to about 25% T memory stemcells, or from about 5% to about 15% T memory stem cells. (i.e., withthe total of naïve, T_(SCM), T_(CM), T_(EM) T_(emra) cells as 100%)

In some embodiments, the T_(SCM) and T_(CM) cells make up from about 30%to about 80% of the memory phenotype, or in some embodiments about 40%to about 80% of the memory phenotype, or in some embodiments about 40%to about 70% of the memory phenotype.

In various embodiments, the T cells specific for the target antigens areat least about 30% central and effector memory cells, or at least about40% central or effector memory cells, or at least about 50% central oreffector memory T cells, or in some embodiments are at least about 70%central or effector memory cells, or at least about 80% central oreffector memory T cells, or at least about 90% central or effectormemory T cells. In some embodiments, these memory cells are about 10:90to about 90:10 central to effector memory cells. In some embodiments,these T cells are from about 25:75 to about 75:25 central to effectormemory cells. In some embodiments, the memory T cells are from about40:60 to about 60:40 central to effector memory T cells. The T cellsspecific for the target antigen(s) are less than about 20% terminallydifferentiated memory T cells (e.g., TEMRA cells), or less than about10% or less than about 5% or less than about 4% terminallydifferentiated memory T cells. In various embodiments, the T cellsspecific for target antigens contain no more than about 30% naive cells,or in some embodiments, no more than about 20% naive cells, or in someembodiments, no more than about 15% naive cells, or no more than about10% naive cells, or no more than about 5% naive cells, or no more thanabout 2%, or 1.5%, or 1% naive cells. In various embodiments, theantigen-specific T cells contain from about 1% to about 100% T memorystem cells, or in some embodiments, from about 1% to about 50% T memorystem cells, or in some embodiments, from about 5% to about 25% T memorystem cells, or from about 5% to about 15% T memory stem cells. Thesememory T cells can be created by the enrichment and expansion processwith paramagnetic artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (aAPCs).Populations containing predominately T_(SCM) cells can be created befurther isolating or enriching for T_(SCM) cells using known techniques,including magnetic enrichment or cell sorting.

In various embodiments, the cell composition is at least 90% T cells, orat least 95% T cells, or at least 98%, or at least 99% T cells. Forpurposes of this disclosure, T cells are characterized by CD3+ cells.The T cells are generally CD8+ or CD4−. As used herein, the terms “CD8+”and “CD4−” are interchangeable unless stated otherwise. For example, theisolated cell composition may be characterized by having less than about10%, or less than about 5% CD4+ T cells, or in some embodiments, lessthan about 2%, less than about 1.5%, or less than about 1% CD4+ T cells.When expanding CD8+ T cells ex vivo, CD4+ cells have a tendency toovergrow the CD8+ cells and compete for growth signals, and exogenousCD4+ T cells are not necessary for a robust and durable response uponadoptive transfer.

It has been described that the presence of polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+T cells correlates with response to cancer vaccine therapy with peptideneoantigens. Ott P A, et al., An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccinefor patients with melanoma, Nature 547(7662):217-221 (2017). CD4+ andCD8+ T cells are further described as being important for mediatingtumor cell destruction. See, Tran E, Cancer immunotherapy based onmutation-specific CD4+ T cells in a patient with epithelial cancer.Science 344, 641-645 (2014); Sahin U, et al., Personalized RNA mutanomevaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer,Nature 547(7662):222-226 (2017). With respect to this disclosure, it isbelieved that adoptive cell compositions need only provide substantialnumbers of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, particularly where thephenotype can support a robust and durable response, and particularlywhere the antigen-specific CD8+ T cells are provided in sufficientnumbers.

In various embodiments, the cell composition is substantially CD28+. Forexample, in various embodiments, the cell composition is at least about25%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 75%, or at least about 90%CD28+.

In various embodiments, the antigen-specific T cells display apolyfunctional phenotype upon activation. For example, upon activationthe T cells are positive for two or more of: intracellular staining forIL-2, which is a marker for proliferation and memory; IFN-γ production,which activates other T cells, and induces memory and upregulation ofMHC); production of TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory marker; and CD107A, whichis a marker for granzyme release and cytotoxic activity. In variousembodiments, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, atleast 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% of the antigen-specific T cellsdisplay at least three of these markers. In various embodiments, atleast 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, atleast 70%, or at least 80% of the antigen-specific T cells display allfour of these markers. In some embodiments, polyfunctionality isassessed or quantified using target killing assays, which assess theability of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to lyse target cells presenting thepeptide antigen in complex with MHC.

In various embodiments, the cell composition further comprises γδ Tcells. γδ T cells have a distinctive T-cell receptor (TCR) on theirsurface. In contrast to aαβ T cells, γδ T cells have a TCR that is madeup of one γ chain and one δ chain. γδ T cells are believed to notrequire antigen processing and major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC)presentation of peptide epitopes for activation. γδ T cells may have arole in recognition of lipid antigens and phospho antigens, and can playa role in anti-viral and anti-tumor protection. See, Kalyan andKabelitz, Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketchof the highly empathetic, Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2013)10,21-29. γδ T cells can provide help to the CD8+ cells through releaseof cytokines, e.g., contributing to the activation, proliferation, anddifferentiation of CD8+ cells. Further, clinical significance of γδ Tcells in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)has been observed, and in particular, higher frequencies of γδ T cellsafter transplantation were associated with favorable outcomes. SeeBerglund et al., Expansion of Gammadelta T cells from Cord Blood: ATherapeutic Possibility. Stem Cells International Vol. 2018.

In various embodiments, the cell composition comprises at least about 2%γδ T cells, or at least about 5% γδ T cells. In some embodiments, thecell composition comprises at least about 10% γδ T cells, or at leastabout 20% γδ T cells. In some embodiments, the cell compositioncomprises at least about 25% γδ T cells, or at least about 30%, or atleast about 35%, or at least about 40% γδ T cells, or at least about 45%γδ T cells. In these embodiments, the γδ T cells may comprise one orboth of Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells. In some embodiments, a portion of the γδ Tcells are CD8+. In various embodiments, the γδ T cells are predominatelyCD28+.

Cell compositions in accordance with various embodiments can be preparedby enrichment of CD8+ cells that are specific for the target antigen(s)(e.g., tumor associated antigens or viral-associated antigens). Thiscell population, even when predominately naive cells in the sourcelymphocytes, can be rapidly expanded in culture to arrive at the cellcompositions described herein. CD4+ cells can be depleted (pre- orpost-antigen-specific enrichment) from the lymphocytes using CD4+ celldepletion microbeads.

Antigen specific enrichment of CD8+ cells can take place usingparamagnetic beads to positively select cell populations, and which canhave the added advantage of activating naive cells due to potentmagnetic clustering of T cell surface receptors. For example,paramagnetic beads or nanoparticles may contain monomeric or multimeric(e.g., dimeric) HLA ligands presenting peptide antigens, along with aco-stimulation signal in some embodiments, such as an agonist for CD28(e.g., an antibody agonist of CD28). Exemplary methods according tothese embodiments are described in WO 2016/044530, PCT/US2017/22663, andU.S. Pat. No. 10,908,939, which are hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety.

In some embodiments, CD28+ cells are also enriched, which can besimultaneous with antigen-specific enrichment. CD28 is expressed on Tcells, and is a co-stimulatory signal required for T cell activation andsurvival. CD28 is the only B7 receptor constitutively expressed on naiveT cells. Association of the TCR of a naive T cell with MHC-antigencomplex without CD28 co-stimulation can result in a T cell that isanergic. In some embodiments, CD28+ cells are not enriched, but a CD28agonist is added in soluble form during the enrichment process, or addedas conjugated to non-paramagnetic beads. In some embodiments, CD28 (inconjugated or non-conjugated form) is added to the cells afterantigen-specific enrichment, in order to activate cells for theexpansion phase.

In various embodiments, the T cells specific for target antigens (e.g.,by virtue of the peptides displayed by the aAPCs or pAPCs) are specificfor from 1 to about 100 target antigens, or from 1 to about 75 targetantigens, or from 1 to about 50 target antigens, or from 1 to about 25target antigens, or from 1 to about 20 target antigens, or from 1 toabout 15 target antigens, or from 1 to 10 target antigens, or from 1 to5 target antigens. In various embodiments, there are at least 3, or atleast 4, or at least 5 target antigens. The distinct target antigens caninclude overlapping peptide epitopes in some embodiments. T cellsspecific for these peptide antigens can be enriched and expanded inbatch, allowing for rapid, parallel production of cell compositions. Insome embodiments, the composition contains T cells specific for from 5to 15 or from 5 to 10 peptide antigens. T cell specificity toward atarget peptide antigen in the composition is defined by MEW multimerstaining (e.g., dimer or tetramer staining) as is well known in the art.

For example, a cocktail of nano-aAPCs, each aAPC presenting a different,distinct target antigen, can be used to enrich T cells against multipleantigens simultaneously. For example, T cells specific for from 2 to 10antigens can be enriched simultaneously from the lymphocyte source. Inthis embodiment, a number of different nano-aAPC batches, each bearing adifferent MHC-peptide, would be combined and used to simultaneouslyenrich T cells against each of the antigens of interest. The resulting Tcell pool would be activated against each of these antigens, andexpanded together in culture. These antigens could be related to asingle therapeutic intervention; for example, multiple antigens presenton a single tumor or malignant cell.

The target peptide antigens are generally suitable for presentation byan HLA-A, B, or C molecular complex, and in some embodiments an HLA-A2molecular complex.

In various embodiments, the target peptide antigens are tumor or cancerassociated antigens, including tumor-derived or tumor-specific antigens.T cells specific for tumor associated antigens are often very rare, andin many cases undetectable, in the peripheral blood of healthyindividuals. Further, the cells are often of a naive phenotype,particularly when using donor T lymphocytes. See, Quintarelli et al.,Cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to the preferentially expressedantigens of melanoma (PRAME) target chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood2008; 112: 1876-1885. This is often a distinction observed betweenviral-specific and tumor antigen specific T cells.

“Tumor-associated antigens” or “cancer specific antigens” include uniquetumor or cancer antigens expressed exclusively by the tumor or malignantcells from which they are derived, shared tumor antigens expressed inmany tumors but not in normal adult tissues (oncofetal antigens), andtissue-specific antigens expressed also by the normal tissue from whichthe tumor arose. Tumor associated antigens can be, for example,embryonic antigens, antigens with abnormal post-translationalmodifications, differentiation antigens, products of mutated oncogenesor tumor suppressors, fusion proteins, or oncoviral proteins.

In some embodiments, the target peptide antigens include one or moreassociated with or derived from hematological cancer, such as leukemia,lymphoma, or myeloma. For example, the hematological malignancy may beacute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, childhood acuteleukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant cutaneousT-cells, mycosis fungoids, non-MF cutaneous T-cell lymphoma,lymphomatoid papulosis, and T-cell rich cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia.In other embodiments, the target peptide antigens include one or moreassociated with or derived from a solid tumor, including melanoma, coloncancer, duodenal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer,ductal cancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer,endometrial cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, dysplastic oralmucosa, polyposis, head and neck cancer, invasive oral cancer, non-smallcell lung carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, transitionaland squamous cell urinary carcinoma, brain cancer, neuroblastoma, andglioma.

A variety of tumor-associated antigens are known in the art. Oncofetaland embryonic antigens include carcinoembryonic antigen andalpha-fetoprotein (usually only highly expressed in developing embryosbut frequently highly expressed by tumors of the liver and colon,respectively), MAGE-1 and MAGE-3 (expressed in melanoma, breast cancer,and glioma), placental alkaline phosphatase sialyl-Lewis X (expressed inadenocarcinoma), CA-125 and CA-19 (expressed in gastrointestinal,hepatic, and gynecological tumors), TAG-72 (expressed in colorectaltumors), epithelial glycoprotein 2 (expressed in many carcinomas),pancreatic oncofetal antigen, 5T4 (expressed in gastriccarcinoma),alphafetoprotein receptor (expressed in multiple tumor types,particularly mammary tumors), and M2A (expressed in germ cellneoplasia).

Tumor-associated differentiation antigens include tyrosinase (expressedin melanoma) and particular surface immunoglobulins (expressed inlymphomas).

Mutated oncogene or tumor-suppressor gene products include Ras and p53,both of which are expressed in many tumor types, Her-2/neu (expressed inbreast and gynecological cancers), EGF-R, estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor, retinoblastoma gene product, myc (associated withlung cancer), ras, p53, nonmutant associated with breast tumors, MAGE-1,and MAGE-3 (associated with melanoma, lung, and other cancers). Fusionproteins include BCR-ABL, which is expressed in chromic myeloidleukemia. Oncoviral proteins include HPV type 16, E6, and E7, which arefound in cervical carcinoma.

Tissue-specific antigens include melanotransferrin and MUC1 (expressedin pancreatic and breast cancers); CD10 (previously known as commonacute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen, or CALLA) or surfaceimmunoglobulin (expressed in B cell leukemias and lymphomas); the αchain of the IL-2 receptor, T cell receptor, CD45R, CD4+/CD8+(expressedin T cell leukemias and lymphomas); prostate specific antigen andprostatic acid-phosphatase (expressed in prostate carcinoma); GP 100,MelanA/Mart-1, tyrosinase, gp75/brown, BAGE, and S-100 (expressed inmelanoma); cytokeratins (expressed in various carcinomas); and CD19,CD20, and CD37 (expressed in lymphoma).

Tumor-associated antigens also include altered glycolipid andglycoprotein antigens, such as neuraminic acid-containingglycosphingolipids (e.g., GM2 and GD2, expressed in melanomas and somebrain tumors); blood group antigens, particularly T and sialylated Tnantigens, which can be aberrantly expressed in carcinomas; and mucins,such as CA-125 and CA-19-9 (expressed on ovarian carcinomas) or theunderglycosylated MUC-1 (expressed on breast and pancreatic carcinomas).

For example, in some embodiments, one or more target antigens areassociated with bladder cancer, such as one or more of NY-ESO-1,MAGE-A10, and MUC-1 antigens. In some embodiments, one or more targetantigens are associated with brain cancer, and may include one or moreof NY-ESO-1, Survivin, and CMV antigens. In some embodiments, one ormore target antigens are associated with breast cancer, and may includeone or more of MUC-1, Surivin, WT-1, HER-2, and CEA antigens. In someembodiments, one or more target antigens are associated with cervicalcancer, and may include HPV antigen. In some embodiments, one or moretarget antigens are associated with colorectal cancer, and may includeone or more of NY-ESO-1, Survivin, WT-1, MUC-1, and CEA antigens. Insome embodiments, one or more target antigens are associated withesophageal cancer, and may include NY-ESO-1 antigen. In someembodiments, one or more target antigens may be associated with head andneck cancer, and may include HPV antigen. In some embodiments, thetarget antigen is associated with kidney or liver cancer, and mayinclude NY-ESO-1 antigen. In some embodiments, the target antigen isassociated with lung cancer, and may include one or more of NY-ESO-1,Survivin, WT-1, MAGE-A10, and MUC-1 antigens. In some embodiments, oneor more target antigens is associated with melanoma, and may include oneor more of NY-ESO-1, Survivin, MAGE-A10, MART-1, and GP-100. In someembodiments, one or more peptide antigens are associated with ovariancancer, and may include one or more of NY-ESO-1, WT-1, and Mesothelinantigen. In some embodiments, one or more target antigens are associatedwith prostate cancer, and may include one or more of Survivin, hTERT,PSA, PAP, and PSMA antigens. In some embodiments, the target antigen isassociated with a sarcoma, and may include NY-ESO-1 antigen. In someembodiments, one or more target antigens are associated with lymphoma,and may include EBV antigen. In some embodiments, one or more targetantigens are associated with multiple myeloma, and may include one ormore of NY-ESO-1, WT-1, XBP1-US, XBP1-SP, CD138, CS1 (SLAMF7), and SOX2antigens. In some embodiments, the target antigens associated withmultiple myeloma are two or more of (or three, four, five, or six of)peptide antigens disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,096,681, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Exemplary peptides comprisingantigenic epitopes include XBP1 unspliced (UN)₁₈₅₋₁₉₃, XBP1-US₁₈₄₋₁₉₂,XBP1 spliced (SP)₂₂₃₋₂₃₁, XBP1-SP₃₆₇₋₃₇₅, CD138₂₆₅₋₂₇₃, CD138₂₆₀₋₂₆₈,CS1₂₄₀₋₂₄₈, CS1₂₃₉₋₂₄₇, NY-ESO1_(157-165A), and SOX2₁₁₈₋₁₂₇. In someembodiments, the target antigens comprise NY-ESO-1, WT-1, SOX-2, CD138,and CS1. In some embodiments, the target antigens comprise NY-ESO-1,WT-1, SOX-2, CD138, CS1, and XBP1-US and/or XBP1-SP. In someembodiments, the peptide antigens comprise NY-ESO-1, WT-1, and SOX-2.See Table 2.

In some embodiments, one or more target antigens are associated withacute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, and may includeone or more of (including 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 of) Survivin, WT-1, PRAME,RHAMM, PR3, and Cyclin A1 antigens. In some embodiments, the targetantigens include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or all targetantigens from Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Exemplary AML target peptide antigens Peptide name/ Antigenposition Sequence SEQ ID NO: WT-1 126-134 RMFPNAPYL SEQ ID NO: 1 235-243CMTWNQMNL SEQ ID NO: 2 37-45 VLDFAPPGA SEQ ID NO: 3 187-195 SLGEQQYSVSEQ ID NO: 4 Prame P100 VLDGLDVLL SEQ ID NO: 5 P435 NLTHVLYPVSEQ ID NO: 6 P142 SLYSFPEPEA SEQ ID NO: 7 P300 ALYVDSLFFL SEQ ID NO: 8P425 SLLQHLIGL SEQ ID NO: 9 Survivin ELT 95-104 ELTLGEFLKL SEQ ID NO: 10LDR 104-113 LDRERAKNKI SEQ ID NO: 11 Cyclin A1 227-235 FLDRFLSCMSEQ ID NO: 12 341-351 SLIAAAAFCLA SEQ ID NO: 13

In some embodiments, one or more target antigens may include one or moreof XBP1-US, XBP1-SP, CD138, CS1, NY-ESO1, SOX2, EBV, Influenza, CMV,RHAMM, PR3, Mart-1/Melan A, gp100, CMVpp65, and Influenza Matrix ProteinM1 antigens. In some embodiments, the target antigens include at least1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 target antigens from Table 2 below,which are useful for targeting multiple myeloma, melanoma, or variousviral or infectious diseases.

TABLE 2 Exemplary target peptide antigens Peptide Re- name/ SEQ IDstric- Antigen position Sequence NO: tion XBP1-US 184-192 YISPWILAVSEQ ID — NO: 14 XBP1-SP 367-375 YLFPQLISV SEQ ID — NO: 15 CD138 260-268GLVGLIFAV SEQ ID — NO: 16 CS1 239-247 SLFVLGLFL SEQ ID — NO: 17 NY-ESO1157-165A SLLMWITQA SEQ ID — NO: 18 SOX2 118-127 ALSPASSRSV SEQ ID —NO: 19 LAMP2 — CLGGLLTMV SEQ ID A2 NO: 20 LAMP2 — FLYALALLL SEQ ID A2NO: 21 BMLF1 — GLCTLVAML SEQ ID A2 NO: 22 BRLF1 — YVLDHLIVV SEQ ID A2NO: 23 EBNA3 — LLDFVRFMGV SEQ ID A2 NO: 24 LMP1 — YLQQNWWTL SEQ ID A2NO: 25 LMP2 — IYVLVMLVL SEQ ID A24 NO: 26 BRLF1 — TYPVLEEMF SEQ ID A24NO: 27 BMLF1 — DYNFVKQLF SEQ ID A24 NO: 28 EBNA3A — RYSIFFDYM SEQ ID A24NO: 29 EBNA3B — TYSAGIVQI SEQ ID A24 NO: 30 EBNA-3A — RPPIFIRRL SEQ IDB7 NO: 31 EBNA-3C — QPRAPIRPI SEQ ID B7 NO: 32 BMRF1 — RPQGGSRPEFVSEQ ID B7 KL NO: 33 M1 — GILGFVFTL SEQ ID A2 NO: 34 PB1 — QPEWFRNVLSEQ ID B7 NO: 35 NP — SPIVPSFDM SEQ ID B7 NO: 36 pp65 341-349 QYDPVAALFSEQ ID A24 NO: 37 pp65 113-121 VYALPLKML SEQ ID A24 NO: 38 IE-1 248-256AYAQKIFKI SEQ ID A24 NO: 39 pp65 417-426 TPRVTGGGAM SEQ ID B7 NO: 40pp65 265-275 RPHERNGFTVL SEQ ID B7 NO: 41 RHAMM R3 ILSLELMKL SEQ ID —NO: 42 RHAMM R5 SLEENIVIL SEQ ID — NO: 43 RHAMM R1 KLLEYIEEI SEQ ID —NO: 44 RHAMM R2 KLQEELNKV SEQ ID — NO: 45 RHAMM R8 KLKGKEAEL SEQ ID —NO: 46 PR3 PR-1₁₆₉₋₁₇₇ VLQELNVTV SEQ ID — NO: 47 Mart-1/ Mart-1ELAGIGILTV SEQ ID — Melan A A27L NO: 48 gp100 G209-2M, IMDQVPFSV SEQ ID— gp100 NO: 49 (209-217) NY-ESO 1 157-165 SLLMWITQC SEQ ID — NO: 50NY-ESO 1 165A SLLMWITQA SEQ ID — NO: 51 CMVpp65 pp65 NLVPMVATV SEQ ID —NO 52 XBP1-UN 185-193 ISPWILAVL SEQ ID A24 NO 53 XBP1-SP 223-231VYPEGSSL SEQ ID A24 NO 54 CD138 265-273 IFAVCLVGF SEQ ID A24 NO 55 CS1240-248 LFVLGLFLW SEQ ID A24 NO 56

In some embodiments, one or more target peptide antigens areneoantigens. For example, in some embodiments, neoantigens specific tothe patient are identified, and synthesized for loading aAPCs. In someembodiments, between three and ten neoantigens are identified throughgenetic analysis of the patient's malignancy (e.g., by nucleic acidsequencing of malignant cells), followed by predictive bioinformatics.In some embodiments, the antigens are natural, non-mutated, cancerantigens, of which many are known.

In various embodiments, at least one of the target peptide antigens isrecognized by a low frequency precursor T cell. In accordance with theseembodiments, the invention enables rapid activation and expansion ofthese cells for adoptive therapy.

In some embodiments, the target peptide antigens include at least onethat is associated with or derived from a pathogen, such as a viral,bacterial, fungal, or parasitic pathogen. For example, at least onepeptide antigen may be associated with HIV, hepatitis (e.g., A, B, C, orD) CMV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), influenza, herpes virus (e.g., HSV 1or 2, or varicella zoster), and Adenovirus. CMV, for example, is themost common viral pathogen found in organ transplant patients and is amajor cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing bonemarrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplants. This is due to theimmunocompromised status of these patients, which permits reactivationof latent virus in seropositive patients or opportunistic infection inseronegative individuals. In these embodiments, the patient may receiveadoptive immunotherapy comprising T cells specific for pathogenantigens. The method can entail generation of virus-specific CTL derivedfrom the patient or from an appropriate donor before initiation of thetransplant procedure.

In some embodiments, at least one target antigen is apathogen-associated antigen, including antigens associated withprotozoa, bacteria, fungi (both unicellular and multicellular), viruses,prions, intracellular parasites, helminths, and other infectious agents.

Bacterial antigens include antigens of gram-positive cocci, grampositive bacilli, gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, such asorganisms of the families Actinomycetaceae, Bacillaceae, Bartonellaceae,B ordetellae, Captophagaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae,Legionellaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, Nocardiaceae,Pasteurellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Spirochaetaceae, Vibrionaceae andorganisms of the genera Acinetobacter, Brucella, Campylobacter,Erysipelothrix, Ewingella, Francisella, Gardnerella, Helicobacter,Levinea, Listeria, Streptobacillus and Tropheryma.

Antigens of protozoan infectious agents include antigens of malarialplasmodia, Leishmania species, Trypanosoma species and Schistosomaspecies.

Fungal antigens include antigens of Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Candida,Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Paracoccicioides, Sporothrix,organisms of the order Mucorales, organisms inducing choromycosis andmycetoma and organisms of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum,Epidermophyton, and Malassezia.

Viral peptide antigens include, but are not limited to, those ofadenovirus, herpes simplex virus, papilloma virus, respiratory syncytialvirus, poxviruses, HIV, influenza viruses, EBV, hepatitis, and CMV.Particularly useful viral peptide antigens include HIV proteins such asHIV gag proteins (including, but not limited to, membrane anchoring (MA)protein, core capsid (CA) protein and nucleocapsid (NC) protein), HIVpolymerase, influenza virus matrix (M1) protein and influenza virusnucleocapsid (NP) protein, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg),hepatitis B core protein (HBcAg), hepatitis e protein (HBeAg), hepatitisB DNA polymerase, hepatitis C antigens, and the like.

In some embodiments, the target peptide antigens include one or moretumor associated antigens, and one or more virus-associated antigens(such as CMV, EBV, influenza, or Adenovirus), to provide an antitumorresponse while protecting against common pathogens that complicaterecovery after HSCT.

Patients that have undergone HSCT are at particular risk for infectiousdisease, given the immunocompromised state. The immunocompromised statusof these patients permits reactivation of latent virus in seropositivepatients or opportunistic infection in seronegative individuals. Forexample, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) occurs in asignificant fraction of transplant patients and results fromEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV infection is believed to bepresent in approximately 90% of the adult population in the UnitedStates. Active viral replication and infection is kept in check by theimmune system, but, as in cases of CMV, individuals immunocompromised bytransplantation therapies lose the controlling T cell populations, whichpermits viral reactivation. This represents a serious impediment totransplant protocols. EBV may also be involved in tumor promotion in avariety of hematological and non-hematological cancers.

In still other embodiments, the cell composition comprises T cellsspecific for tumor associated antigens, with pathogen-associated T cellsprovided as bystander cells. Specifically, by enriching for CD8+ T cellsbased on selection with both HLA-peptide complexes and anti-CD28,bystander cells will be enriched, and expanded, particularly when usinga T cell growth factor cocktail that can drive some non-specificexpansion of these cells without antigen-specific activation. In theseembodiments, while a large portion of the composition are T cellsspecific for the target peptides (e.g., from 5% to 75%, or from 10 to50%), the remaining T cells provide some reconstitution of the immunesystem against common pathogens, which is particularly beneficial aftertransplant. For example, the composition may comprise T cells specificfor CMV, EBV, influenza, and Adenovirus. In each case, pathogen-specificT cells may be present at from 0.1% to about 4% of the composition.

In various embodiments the invention involves compositions prepared byenrichment and expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Precursor Tcells can be obtained from the patient or from a suitable HLA-matcheddonor. Source T cells can be either fresh or frozen samples. Precursor Tcells can be obtained from a number of sources that comprise WBCs,including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), bone marrow, lymphnode tissue, spleen tissue, buffy coat fraction, and tumors. In someembodiments, precursor T cells are obtained from a unit of bloodcollected from a subject using any number of techniques known to one orskill in the art. For example, precursor T cells from the circulatingblood of an individual can be obtained by apheresis or leukapheresis.The apheresis product typically contains lymphocytes, including T cellsand precursor T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, other nucleatedwhite blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Leukapheresis is alaboratory procedure in which white blood cells are separated from asample of blood.

Cells collected by apheresis can be washed to remove the plasma fractionand to place the cells in an appropriate buffer or media for subsequentprocessing steps. Washing steps can be accomplished by methods known tothose in the art, such as by using a semi-automated “flow-through”centrifuge. After washing, the cells may be resuspended in a variety ofbiocompatible buffers, such as, for example, Ca-free, Mg-free PBS.Alternatively, the undesirable components of the apheresis sample can beremoved and the cells directly re-suspended in a culture medium.

If desired, precursor T cells can be isolated from peripheral bloodlymphocytes by lysing the red blood cells and depleting the monocytes,for example, by centrifugation through a PERCOLL™ gradient.

In certain embodiments, leukocytes are collected by leukapheresis, andmay be subsequently enriched for CD8+ T cells, for example, by depletingthe sample of CD4+ cells and/or positively enriching for CD8+ cells. Insome embodiments, other cell types are depleted, such as NK cells. TheCD8-enriched cells may then be further enriched for antigen-specific Tcells.

In various embodiments, the sample comprising the immune cells (e.g.,CD8+ T cells) is contacted with an artificial Antigen Presenting Cell(aAPC) having magnetic properties. Paramagnetic materials have a small,positive susceptibility to magnetic fields. These materials areattracted by a magnetic field and the material does not retain themagnetic properties when the external field is removed. Exemplaryparamagnetic materials include, without limitation, magnesium,molybdenum, lithium, tantalum, and iron oxide. Paramagnetic beadssuitable for magnetic enrichment are commercially available (DYNABEADS™,MACS MICROBEADS™, Miltenyi Biotec). In some embodiments, the aAPCparticle is an iron dextran bead (e.g., dextran-coated iron-oxide bead).

Antigen presenting complexes comprise an antigen binding cleft, and aregenerally MHC class I, which can be linked or tethered to providedimeric or multimeric MHC. In some embodiments, the MHC are monomeric,but their close association on the nano-particle is sufficient foravidity and activation. In some embodiments, the MHC are dimeric.Dimeric MHC class I ligands can be constructed by fusion toimmunoglobulin heavy chain sequences, which are then associated throughone or more disulfide bonds (with or without associated light chains).MHC multimers can be created by direct tethering through peptide orchemical linkers, or can be multimeric via association with streptavidinthrough biotin moieties. In some embodiments, the antigen presentingcomplexes are MHC class I complexes involving fusions withimmunoglobulin sequences.

MHC class I molecular complexes having immunoglobulin sequences aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,411, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety. These MHC class I molecular complexes may beformed in a conformationally intact fashion at the ends ofimmunoglobulin heavy chains. MHC class I molecular complexes to whichantigenic peptides are bound can stably bind to antigen-specificlymphocyte receptors (e.g., T cell receptors). In various embodiments,the immunoglobulin heavy chain sequence is not full length, butcomprises an Ig hinge region, and one or more of CH1, CH2, and/or CH3domains. The Ig sequence may or may not comprise a variable region, butwhere variable region sequences are present, the variable region may befull or partial. The complex may further comprise immunoglobulin lightchains. MHC class I ligands (e.g., HLA-Ig) lacking variable chainsequences (and lacking any light chain) may be employed withsite-directed conjugation to particles, as described in WO 2016/105542,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Exemplary MHC class I molecular complexes comprise at least two fusionproteins. A first fusion protein comprises a first MHC class I α chainand a first immunoglobulin heavy chain (or portion thereof comprisingthe hinge region), and a second fusion protein comprises a second MHCclass I α chain and a second immunoglobulin heavy chain (or portionthereof comprising the hinge region). The first and secondimmunoglobulin heavy chains associate to form the MEW class I molecularcomplex, which comprises two MHC class I peptide-binding clefts. Theimmunoglobulin heavy chain can be the heavy chain of an IgM, IgD, IgG1,IgG3, IgG2β, IgG2α, IgG4, IgE, or IgA. In some embodiments, an IgG heavychain is used to form MEW class I molecular complexes. If multivalentMHC class I molecular complexes are desired, IgM or IgA heavy chains canbe used to provide pentavalent or tetravalent molecules, respectively.

Exemplary class I molecules include HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E, andthese may be employed individually or in any combination. In someembodiments, the antigen presenting complex is an HLA-A2 ligand. Theterm MHC as used herein, can be replaced by HLA in each instance.

Immunoglobulin sequences in some embodiments are humanized monoclonalantibody sequences.

The aAPCs may contain a “Signal 2”, such as an anti-CD28 ligand. Signal2 is generally a T cell affecting molecule, that is, a molecule that hasa biological effect on a precursor T cell or on an antigen-specific Tcell. In certain embodiments, signal 2 is a T cell costimulatorymolecule. T cell costimulatory molecules contribute to the activation ofantigen-specific T cells. Such molecules include, but are not limitedto, molecules that specifically bind to CD28 (including antibodies),CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), B7-H3, 4-1BB, 4-1BBL, CD27, CD30, CD134(OX-40L), B7h (B7RP-1), CD40, LIGHT, antibodies that specifically bindto HVEM, antibodies that specifically bind to CD40L, and antibodies thatspecifically bind to OX40. In some embodiments, the costimulatorymolecule (signal 2) is an antibody (e.g., a monoclonal antibody) orportion thereof, such as F(ab′)2, Fab, scFv, or single chain antibody,or other antigen binding fragment. In some embodiments, the antibody isa humanized monoclonal antibody or portion thereof havingantigen-binding activity, or is a fully human antibody or portionthereof having antigen-binding activity.

Combinations of co-stimulatory ligands that may be employed (on the sameor separate nanoparticles) include anti-CD28/anti-CD27 andanti-CD28/anti-41BB. The ratios of these co-stimulatory ligands can bevaried to effect expansion.

Exemplary signal 1 and signal 2 ligands are described in WO 2014/209868,which describe ligands having a free sulfhydryl (e.g., unpairedcysteine), such that the constant region may be coupled to nanoparticlesupports having the appropriate chemical functionality.

Adhesion molecules useful for nano-aAPC can be used to mediate adhesionof the nano-aAPC to a T cell or to a T cell precursor. Useful adhesionmolecules include, for example, ICAM-1 and LFA-3.

In some embodiments, signal 1 is provided by peptide-HLA-A2 complexes,and signal 2 is provided by B7.1-Ig or anti-CD28. An exemplary anti-CD28monoclonal antibody is 9.3 mAb (Tan et al., J. Exp. Med. 1993 177:165),which may be humanized in certain embodiments and/or conjugated to thebead as a fully intact antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.

Magnetic activation may take place for from 2 minutes to 5 hours, orfrom 5 minutes to 2 hours, followed by expansion in culture for at least5 days, and up to 2 weeks or up to 3 weeks in some embodiments. In someembodiments, magnetic activation occurs for at least 2 minutes, but lessthan 30 minutes or less than 15 minutes (e.g., about 5 or 10 minutes).Resulting CD8+ T cells may be phenotypically characterized to confirmthe presence of T memory stem cells (T_(scm)), as well as high centraland effector memory phenotype.

Some embodiments employ T cell growth factors during expansion, whichaffect proliferation and/or differentiation of T cells. Examples of Tcell growth factors include cytokines (e.g., interleukins, interferons)and superantigens. If desired, cytokines can be present in molecularcomplexes comprising fusion proteins, or can be encapsulated by theaAPC, or provided in soluble form. Particularly useful cytokines includeMIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-21,IFN-γ, and CXCL10. In some embodiments, the growth factors include 3, 4,5, or 6 from MIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-15, IL-21,and INF-γ. In these or other embodiments, the cells are expanded inculture in the presence cytokines including one, two, three cytokinesselected from MIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. In some embodiments, thecells are not cultured in the presence of IL-7 and/or IL-21 and/orIL-15. Cells can be expanded in culture from 1 to 4 weeks, such as about2 weeks (about 14 days), or about 3 weeks.

In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in culture in the presenceof from 4 to 8 cytokines, to achieve a balance between T cell expansion(including antigen-specific T cell expansion), activation, and memoryphenotype. In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in the presenceof IL-4. In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in the presence ofIL-4 and IL-6. In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in thepresence of IL-4 and IL-1β. In some embodiments, the cells are expandedin the presence of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-1β. In some embodiments, the cellsare expanded in the presence of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. In someembodiments, the cells are expanded in culture in the presence of IL-2,IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β. In some embodiments, the cells are furtherexpanded in the presence of IL-10. In various embodiments, thesecytokines are used in conjunction with artificial or natural antigenpresenting cells to expand antigen specific T cells.

In some embodiments, the growth factors consist, or consist essentiallyof, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-1β, and optionally IL-10.

In some embodiments, IL-2 is present at the start of culture at 10 to200 International Units (IU) per ml, such as from about 20 to about 100IU/ml, or about 20 to about 60 IU/ml. In some embodiments, IL-2 ispresent at the start of culture at about 30 to about 50 IU/ml (e.g.,about 40 IU/ml). IL-2 IU (86/500 NIBSC) can be determined using aproliferation assay (e.g., using CTLL-2 cell line), as described forexample by Gearing and Bird (1987) in Lymphokines and Interferons, APractical Approach. Clemens, M J et al. (eds): IRL Press. 295. In someembodiments, IL-2 is present at the start of culture at about 2 to about25 ng/ml, or at about 2 to about 15 ng/ml, such as from about 5 to about15 ng/ml.

In these or independent embodiments, IL-4 is present at the start ofculture at 0.2 to 25 International Units (IU) per ml, such as from about0.5 to about 10 IU/ml, or from about 0.5 to about 5 IU/ml. In someembodiments, IL-4 is present at the start of culture at about 1 IU/ml.IL-4 IU (88/656 NIBSC) can be defined using a proliferation assay (e.g.,using TF-1 cell line), as described for example, by Kitamura T. et al.,(1991) IL-1 up-regulates the expression of cytokine receptors on afactor-dependent human hemopoietic cell line, TF-1. Int. Immunol.3:571-577. In some embodiments, IL-4 is present at the start of cultureat about 0.2 to about 2 ng/ml, such as from about 0.2 to about 1 ng/ml(e.g., about 0.5 ng/ml).

In these or independent embodiments, IL-6 may be present at the start ofculture at 10 to 200 International Units (IU) per ml, such as from about25 to about 100 IU/ml, such as from 25 to 75 IU/ml. In some embodiments,IL-6 is present at the start of culture at about 40 to about 60 IU/ml(e.g., about 50 IU/ml). IL-6 IU (89/548 NIBSC) can be defined using aproliferation assay (e.g., using B9 cell line), as described for exampleby Gaines-Das R E and Poole S. (1993) The international standard forinterleukin-6. Evaluation in an international collaborative study. J.Immunol. Methods 160 :147-153. In some embodiments, IL-6 is present atthe start of culture at about 0.2 to about 10 ng/ml, such as from about0.2 to about 5 ng/ml (e.g., about 0.2 to 1 ng/ml, or about 0.5 to 2ng/ml).

In these or independent embodiments, Interferon gamma (INF-γ) may bepresent at the start of culture at from 10 to 200 International Units(IU) per ml, such as from about 20 to about 100 IU/ml, such as from 20to 60 IU/ml. In some embodiments, INF-γ is present at the start ofculture at about 30 to about 50 IU/ml (e.g., about 40 IU/ml). INF-γ IU(87/586 NIBSC) can be defined using an antiviral assay (e.g., with Helacells infected with EMC), as described for example in Meager A. (1987)in Lymphokines and interferons, a Practical Approach. Clemens, M J, etal. (eds): IRL Press. 129. In some embodiments, INF-γ is present at thestart of culture at about 0.5 to about 20 ng/ml, such as from about 0.5to about 10 ng/ml, or from about 0.5 to about 5 ng/ml, or from about 1to about 10 ng/ml (e.g., from 1 to 5 ng/ml).

IL-1β may be present at the start of culture at 5 to 100 InternationalUnits (IU) per ml, such as from about 10 to about 50 IU/ml, such as fromabout 10 to about 30 IU/ml. In some embodiments, IL-1β is present at thestart of culture at about 10 to about 20 IU/ml (e.g., about 15 IU/ml).IL-1β IU (86/680 NIBSC) can be defined using a proliferation assay(e.g., using D.10.G4.1 cells), as described for example by Poole, S. andGaines-Das, RE (1991) The international standards for interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-1 beta. Evaluation in an internationalcollaborative study. J. Immunol. Methods 142 :1-13. In some embodiments,IL-1β is present at the start of culture at about 0.1 to 5 ng/ml, or atabout 0.2 to about 5 ng/ml, such as from about 0.2 to about 2 ng/ml, orfrom about 0.2 to about 1 ng/ml.

In various embodiments, the cells are cultured in the presence of agrowth factor cocktail comprising or consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6,INF-γ, and IL-1β. In some embodiments, the relative activity (defined bythe respective IU) of IL-2 and INF-γ is about 0.5:1 to about 1:0.5(e.g., about 1:1). In these or independent embodiments, the relativeactivity (defined by respective IU) of IL-2 and IL-6 is about 0.5:1 to1:0.5. In these or independent embodiments, the relative activity ofIL-1β with respect to IL-2, IL-6, and/or IFN-γ (defined by respectiveIUs) is from 1:4 to 1:2 (e.g., about 1:3). In these or independentembodiments, the relative activity of IL-4 with respect to IL-2, IL-6,and/or IFN-γ (defined by respective IUs) is from 1:30 to 1:60. In theseor independent embodiments, the relative activity of IL-4 with respectto IL-1β (defined by respective IUs) is from about 1:5 to about 1:25,such as from about 1:10 to about 1:20.

In some embodiments, the specific activity of each growth factor (IL-2,IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β) at the start of culture (in IUs) can beshown as a percentage when the total IUs of all the growth factors inthe culture is considered as 100%. For example, in some embodiments, thepercentage of each growth factor in the culture can be as follows:

20% to 40% IL-2 (e.g., 20 to 30% IL-2);

0.5% to 5% IL-4 (e.g., 1 to 3% IL-4);

25% to 50% IL-6 (e.g., 30 to 40% IL-6);

20% to 40% IFN-γ (e.g., 20 to 30% IFN-γ); and

5% to 20% IL-1β (e.g., 5 to 15% IL-1β).

The aAPC nanoparticles can be made of any material, and materials can beappropriately selected for the desired magnetic property, and maycomprise, for example, metals such as iron, nickel, cobalt, or alloy ofrare earth metal. Paramagnetic materials also include magnesium,molybdenum, lithium, tantalum, and iron oxide. Paramagnetic beadssuitable for enrichment of materials (including cells) are commerciallyavailable, and include iron dextran beads, such as dextran-coated ironoxide beads. In aspects of the invention where magnetic properties arenot required, nanoparticles can also be made of nonmetal or organic(e.g., polymeric) materials such as cellulose, ceramics, glass, nylon,polystyrene, rubber, plastic, or latex. In exemplary material forpreparation of nanoparticles is poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) orPLA and copolymers thereof, which may be employed in connection withthese embodiments. Other materials including polymers and co-polymersthat may be employed include those described in PCT/US2014/25889, whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In various embodiments, the particle has a size (e.g., average diameter)within about 10 to about 500 nm, or within about 40 to about 400 nm, orwithin about 40 nm to 200 nm. For magnetic clustering, it is preferredthat the nanoparticles have a size (mean diameter) in the range of 10 to250 nm, or 50 to 200 nm, or 80 to 200 nm, or 20 to 100 nm in someembodiments. Receptor-ligand interactions at the cell-nanoparticleinterface are not well understood. However, nanoparticle binding andcellular activation are sensitive to membrane spatial organization,which is particularly important during T cell activation, and magneticfields can be used to manipulate cluster-bound nanoparticles to enhanceactivation. For example, T cell activation induces a state ofpersistently enhanced nanoscale TCR clustering and nanoparticles aresensitive to this clustering in a way that larger particles are not.

Furthermore, nanoparticle interactions with TCR clusters can beexploited to enhance receptor triggering. T cell activation is mediatedby aggregation of signaling proteins, with “signaling clusters” hundredsof nanometers across, initially forming at the periphery of the Tcell-APC contact site and migrating inward. As described herein, anexternal magnetic field can be used to enrich antigen-specific T cells(including rare naïve cells) and to drive aggregation of magneticnano-aAPC bound to TCR, resulting in aggregation of TCR clusters andenhanced activation of naïve T cells. Magnetic fields can exertappropriately strong forces on paramagnetic particles, but are otherwisebiologically inert, making them a powerful tool to control particlebehavior. T cells bound to paramagnetic nano-aAPC are activated in thepresence of an externally applied magnetic field. Nano-aAPC arethemselves magnetized, and attracted to both the field source and tonearby nanoparticles in the field, inducing bead and thus TCRaggregation to boost aAPC-mediated activation.

Activation chemistries can be used to allow the specific, stableattachment of molecules to the surface of nanoparticles. There arenumerous methods that can be used to attach proteins to functionalgroups. For example, the common cross-linker glutaraldehyde can be usedto attach protein amine groups to an aminated nanoparticle surface in atwo-step process. The resultant linkage is hydrolytically stable. Othermethods include use of cross-linkers containing n-hydrosuccinimido(NETS) esters which react with amines on proteins, cross-linkerscontaining active halogens that react with amine-, sulfhydryl-, orhistidine-containing proteins, cross-linkers containing epoxides thatreact with amines or sulfhydryl groups, conjugation between maleimidegroups and sulfhydryl groups, and the formation of protein aldehydegroups by periodate oxidation of pendant sugar moieties followed byreductive amination.

The ratio of particular ligands when used simultaneously on the same ordifferent particles can be varied to increase the effectiveness of thenanoparticle in antigen or costimulatory ligand presentation. Forexample, nanoparticles can be coupled with HLA-A2-Ig and anti-CD28 (orother signal 2 ligands) at a variety of ratios, such as about 30:1,about 25:1, about 20:1, about 15:1, about 10:1, about 5:1, about 3:1,about 2:1, about 1:1, about 0.5:1, about 0.3:1; about 0.2:1, about0.1:1, or about 0.03:1. In some embodiments, the ratio is from 2:1 to1:2. The total amount of protein coupled to the supports may be, forexample, about 250 mg/ml, about 200 mg/ml, about 150 mg/ml, about 100mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml of particles. Because effector functions suchas cytokine release and growth may have differing requirements forSignal 1 versus Signal 2 than T cell activation and differentiation,these functions can be determined separately.

In certain embodiments, the aAPCs are paramagnetic particles in therange of 50 to 150 nm, with a PDI (size distribution) of less than 0.2,or in some embodiments less than 0.1. The aAPCs may have a surfacecharge of from 0 to −10 mV, such as from about −2 to −6 mV. aAPCs mayhave from 10 to 120 ligands per particle, such as from about 25 to about100 ligands per particle, with ligands conjugated to the particlethrough a free cysteine introduced in the Fc region of theimmunoglobulin sequences. The particles may contain about 1:1 ratio ofHLA dimer:anti-CD28, which may be present on the same or differentpopulations of particles. The nanoparticles provide potent expansion ofcognate T cells, while exhibiting no stimulation of non-cognate TCRs,even with passive loading of peptide antigen. Particles are stable inlyophilized form for at least two or three years.

After enrichment and expansion, the antigen-specific T cell component ofthe sample will be at least about 5%, or at least about 10%, or at leastabout 15%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 25% antigen specificT cells. Further, these T cells comprise T memory stem cells, and canalso comprise central and effector memory T cells. From the originalsample isolated from the patient or donor, the antigen-specific T cellsin various embodiments are expanded (in about 7 days) from about100-fold to about 10,000 fold, such as at least about 100-fold, or atleast about 200-fold. After 2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells areexpanded at least 1000-fold, or at least about 2000-fold, at least about3,000 fold, at least about 4,000-fold, or at least about 5,000-fold invarious embodiments. In some embodiments, antigen-specific T cells areexpanded by greater than 5000-fold or greater than 10,000 fold after twoweeks. After one or two weeks of expansion, at least about 10⁶, or atleast about 10⁷, or at least about 10⁸, or at least about 10⁹antigen-specific T cells are obtained.

Suitable incubation conditions (culture medium, temperature, etc.)include those used to culture T cells or T cell precursors, as well asthose known in the art for inducing formation of antigen-specific Tcells using DC or artificial antigen presenting cells.

The cell composition can be administered to patients by any appropriateroutes, including intravenous infusion, intra-arterial administration,intralymphatic administration, and intratumoral administration.

In some embodiments, the patient receives or initiates immunotherapywith one or more checkpoint inhibitors, prior to (or optionally after)receiving the cell composition by adoptive transfer. In variousembodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor(s) target one or more of CTLA-4 orPD-1/PD-L1, which may include antibodies against such targets, such asmonoclonal antibodies, or portions thereof, or humanized or fully humanversions thereof. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor therapycomprises ipilimumab or Keytruda (pembrolizumab), or comparablemonoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, the patient previouslyreceived PD1 blockade therapy, and was refractory or only partiallyresponsive to that treatment. In such embodiments, the cell compositiondescribed herein can restore a robust T cell response, optionally incombination with a second round of immunotherapy (e.g., anti-CTLA4 orPD-1 blockade therapy).

In some embodiments, the patient receives about 1 to 5 rounds ofadoptive immunotherapy (e.g., one, two, three, four or five rounds). Insome embodiments, each administration of adoptive immunotherapy isconducted simultaneously with, or after (e.g., from about 1 day to about1 week after), a round of checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In someembodiments, adoptive immunotherapy is provided about 1 day, about 2days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, or about 1week after a checkpoint inhibitor dose. In some embodiments, the patientreceives only a single administration of the cell composition.

In some aspects, the invention provides methods for personalized cancerimmunotherapy. The methods are accomplished using the aAPCs to identifyantigens to which the patient will respond, followed by administrationof the appropriate peptide-loaded aAPC to the patient, or followed byenrichment and expansion of the antigen specific T cells ex vivo.

Genome-wide sequencing has dramatically altered our understanding ofcancer biology. Sequencing of cancers has yielded important dataregarding the molecular processes involved in the development of manyhuman cancers. Driving mutations have been identified in key genesinvolved in pathways regulating three main cellular processes (1) cellfate, (2) cell survival and (3) genome maintenance. Vogelstein et al.,Science 339, 1546-58 (2013).

Genome-wide sequencing also has the potential to revolutionize ourapproach to cancer immunotherapy. Sequencing data can provideinformation about both shared as well as personalized targets for cancerimmunotherapy. In principle, mutant proteins are foreign to the immunesystem and are putative tumor-specific antigens. Indeed, sequencingefforts have defined hundred if not thousands of potentially relevantimmune targets. Limited studies have shown that T cell responses againstthese neo-epitopes can be found in cancer patients or induced by cancervaccines. However, the frequency of such responses against a particularcancer and the extent to which such responses are shared betweenpatients are not well known. One of the main reasons for our limitedunderstanding of tumor-specific immune responses is that currentapproaches for validating potential immunologically relevant targets arecumbersome and time consuming.

Although central tolerance abrogates T cell responses againstself-proteins, oncogenic mutations induce neo-epitopes against which Tcell responses can form. Mutation catalogues derived from whole exomesequencing provide a starting point for identifying such neo-epitopes.Using HLA binding prediction algorithms (Srivastava, PLoS One 4, e6094(2009), it has been predicted that each cancer can have up 7-10neo-epitopes. A similar approach estimated hundreds of tumorneo-epitopes. Such algorithms, however, may have low accuracy inpredicting T cell responses, and only 10% of predicted HLA-bindingepitopes are expected to bind in the context of HLA (Lundegaard C,Immunology 130, 309-18 (2010)). Thus, predicted epitopes must bevalidated for the existence of T cell responses against those potentialneo-epitopes.

In certain embodiments, the nano-aAPC system is used to screen forneo-epitopes that induce a T cell response in a variety of cancers, orin a particular patient's cancer. Cancers may be genetically analyzed,for example, by whole exome-sequencing.

A list of candidate peptides can be generated from overlapping nineamino acid windows in mutated proteins. All nine-AA windows that containa mutated amino acid, and 2 non-mutated “controls” from each proteinwill be selected. These candidate peptides will be assessedcomputationally for WIC binding using a consensus of MHC bindingprediction algorithms, including Net WIC and stabilized matrix method(SMM). Nano-aAPC and MHC binding algorithms have been developedprimarily for HLA-A2 allele. The sensitivity cut-off of the consensusprediction can be adjusted until a tractable number of mutationcontaining peptides (˜500) and non-mutated control peptides (˜50) areidentified.

In an exemplary embodiment, the cell composition comprises, in apharmaceutically acceptable carrier: at least 70%, at least 80% or atleast 90% CD8+ or CD4− T cells and less than 5% CD4+ T cells; and atleast 5% T_(SCM) cells, where the CD8+ cells comprise at least 10⁶ Tcells specific for from 1 to 10 target peptide antigens. Optionally, theCD8+ or CD4− T cells may comprise T cells specific for bacterial, viral,fungal and/or parasitic pathogens. In various embodiments, at least 30%of the CD8+ or CD4− T cells are T_(SCM), central, and effector memory Tcells, with less than 10% of the CD8+ or CD4− T cells being terminallydifferentiated T cells and less than 10% of the CD8+ or CD4− cells beingnaive cells. In various embodiments, at least 50% of the CD8+ or CD4− Tcells specific for the target peptide antigens are T_(SCM), central andeffector memory T cells. In some embodiments, the cell compositioncomprises from about 5% at about 25% T memory stem cells (T_(scm)), orfrom about 5% to about 20% T memory stem cells.

In various embodiments, the cell composition further comprises γδ Tcells. For example, the cell composition may comprise at least about 2%γδ T cells, or at least about 5% γδ T cells. In some embodiments, thecell composition comprises at least about 10% γδ T cells, or at leastabout 20% γδ T cells. In some embodiments, the cell compositioncomprises at least about 25% γδ T cells, or at least about 30%, or atleast about 35%, or at least about 40% γδ T cells. In these embodiments,the γδ T cells may comprise one or both of Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells. In someembodiments, the γδ T cells are predominantly Vδ2 (e.g., at least about60% or at least about 75%). In some embodiments, a portion of the γδ Tcells are CD8+. In various embodiments, the γδ T cells are predominatelyCD28+.

In some embodiments, the cell composition further comprises apharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for intravenous infusion,and which may be suitable as a cryoprotectant. An exemplary carrier isDMSO (e.g., about 10%). Cell compositions may be provided in unit vialsor bags, and stored frozen until use. Unit doses may comprise from about5×10⁵ to about 5×10⁶ cells per ml, in a volume of from 50 to 200 ml. Incertain embodiments, the volume of the composition is ≤100 ml (e.g.,from 50 to 100 ml).

In some aspects, the invention provides a method for treating a patientwith cancer, comprising administering the cell composition describedherein to a patient in need.

In some embodiments, the patient has a hematological cancer, which insome embodiments has relapsed after allogeneic stem celltransplantation. In some embodiments, the patient has acute myelogenousleukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome.

Other cancers that can be treated according to this disclosure includecancers that historically illicit poor immune responses or have a highrate of recurrence. Exemplary cancers include various types of solidtumors, including carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas. In variousembodiments the cancer is melanoma (including metastatic melanoma),colon cancer, duodenal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovariancancer, ductal cancer, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer,endometrial cancer, testicular cancer, stomach cancer, dysplastic oralmucosa, polyposis, head and neck cancer, invasive oral cancer, non-smallcell lung carcinoma, small-cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, transitionaland squamous cell urinary carcinoma, brain cancer, neuroblastoma, andglioma. In various embodiments, the cancer is stage I, stage II, stageIII, or stage IV. In some embodiments, the cancer is metastatic and/orrecurrent, and/or is nonresectable.

In some embodiments, the patient is refractory to chemotherapy and/orcheckpoint inhibitor therapy.

In some embodiments, the patient further receives low dose cytokinetherapy, which may improve the persistence and in vivo response.

In some embodiments, the cancer is a hematological malignancy, includingleukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma. For example, the hematologicalmalignancy may be acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia,childhood acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute lymphocyticleukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome,malignant cutaneous T-cells, mycosis fungoids, non-MF cutaneous T-celllymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, and T-cell rich cutaneous lymphoidhyperplasia. In an exemplary embodiment, the patient has a hematologicalcancer such as acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasticsyndrome, and in some embodiments the patient has relapsed afterallogeneic stem cell transplantation. In some embodiments, the therapydoes not induce GVHD.

In some embodiments, the patient, in addition to allogeneic stem celltransplantation, has also undergoes lympho-deleting therapy,cyto-reductive therapy, or immunomodulatory therapy (prior toadministration of the cell therapy). In some embodiments, the celltherapy may be further provided with or without cytokine support posttreatment.

In some embodiments, the patient has an infectious disease or is at riskfor an infectious disease. For example, patients that have undergoneHSCT are at particular risk for infectious disease, given theimmunocompromised state. Infectious diseases that can be treated orprevented include those caused by bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi,parasites, helminths, etc. Such diseases include AIDS, hepatitis B/C,CMV infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, influenza, herpesvirus infection (including shingles), and adenovirus infection. CMV, forexample, is the most common viral pathogen found in organ transplantpatients and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patientsundergoing bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplants. Thisis due to the immunocompromised status of these patients, which permitsreactivation of latent virus in seropositive patients or opportunisticinfection in seronegative individuals. In these embodiments, the patientmay receive adoptive immunotherapy comprising T cells specific forpathogen antigens. The method can entail generation of virus-specificCTL derived from the patient or from an appropriate donor beforeinitiation of the transplant procedure.

PTLD occurs in a significant fraction of transplant patients and resultsfrom Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV infection is believed to bepresent in approximately 90% of the adult population in the UnitedStates. Active viral replication and infection is kept in check by theimmune system, but, as in cases of CMV, individuals immunocompromised bytransplantation therapies lose the controlling T cell populations, whichpermits viral reactivation. This represents a serious impediment totransplant protocols. EBV may also be involved in tumor promotion in avariety of hematological and non-hematological cancers.

In still other embodiments, the invention provides a method for making apopulation of γδ T cells. The method comprises expanding a population ofT cells in the presence of two or more of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, andIL-1β. The population of T cells may be enriched for CD28+ enrichedcells, e.g., may be positively selected with anti-CD28 containing beadsor particles, including aAPCs as described herein. In some embodiments,the population of cells is CD4+ depleted or CD8+ selected. In variousembodiments, the starting composition comprises less than about 20% orless than about 10% or less than about 8%, or less than about 5% γδ Tcells. In some embodiments, source cells are from peripheral blood.

In various embodiments, the population of T cells are expanded in thepresence of IL-4, or are expanded in the presence of IL-4 and IL-6. Insome embodiments, the cells are expanded in the presence of IL-4 andIL-1β. In some embodiments, the cells are expanded in the presence ofIL-4, IL-6, and IL-1β. In some embodiments, the cells are expanded inthe presence of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. In some embodiments, the cells areexpanded in culture in the presence of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, andIL-1β. Expansion of cells in culture can take place as described herein,such as for 1 to 4 weeks. After the expansion phase, the percent cellsthat are γδ may be between about 5% and about 60%, such as between about10% and about 60%, or from about 15% to about 60%, with the numbers ofγδ T cells expanded by at least about 100 or at least about 1000, or atleast about 10,000, compared to the starting population of cells.

γδ T cells can be separated from other cells using known methods, suchas FACS or magnetic cell sorting. γδ T cells can be provided as a cellcomposition for adoptive transfer or research use, and alternatively maybe engineered to express one or more heterologous genes, such as a Tcell receptor, which is an optionally an αβ TCR. In some embodiments,the γδ T cells are engineered to heterologously express a chimericantigen receptor (CAR).

Other aspects and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to theskilled artisan.

EXAMPLES

To generate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, fresh PBMCs were obtainedfrom a donor by leukapheresis, as schematically shown in FIG. 2. Cellswere depleted of CD4+ cells by negative selection with anti-CD4microbeads. Resulting cells were enriched for antigen-specific T cellsby incubating with paramagnetic nanoparticles (i.e., dextran-coated ironoxide nanoparticles or PLGA-PEG nanoparticles, ranging in size fromabout 80-200 nm in diameter). As shown in FIG. 1, the nanoparticles havedimeric HLA ligands conjugated to the surface (presenting the targetpeptide antigen) that can incorporate multiple tumor specific antigenicpeptides. The dimeric HLA ligand contains two HLA-A2 domains, comprisingthe peptide binding clefts, each fused to an arm of the Ig hinge region.Dimeric HLA-Ig are co-expressed with β₂ microglobulin. A dimeric HLAligand, such as an HLA-IgG4 hinge dimer, can be readily modified formultiple HLA-subtypes and provide direct engagement with target T cells.Co-stimulatory or inhibitory ligands, such as an anti-CD28 monoclonalantibody, are also conjugated to the nanoparticle, as shown in FIG. 1.The co-stimulatory or inhibitory ligands provide specific instructions(e.g., activation, suppression) to target T cells (i.e., naïve T cellsor memory T cells) relative to the therapeutic goal. Ligands and aAPCconstructs are disclosed in WO 2016/044530 and WO 2016/105542, which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Cells were incubated in the presence of the paramagnetic aAPC, then inthe presence of a magnetic field for about 5 minutes. Cells associatedwith the particles were then recovered and expanded ex vivo for variouslengths of time (generally from 1-2 weeks). Expansion was conducted inthe presence of growth factors. For a two-week culture period, growthfactors were added on days 1 and 7. Cells were re-stimulated withnano-aAPCs on day 7. Expansion to therapeutic levels of tumor-specificCD8+ T cells was observed within two weeks from donor cell isolation. Insome embodiments, the enrichment and expansion process can be performedin an enclosed, automated cellular expansion system. Such a system canprovide for simple, scalable, and cost-efficient manufacturing, as wellas consistent and rapid generation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cellsusing different antigen peptide cocktails (i.e., sourced from patient ordonor PBMCs).

The composition of the cytokines used for expansion is shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Cytokines for Expansion Phase Specific Activity in finalSpecific Activity in Stock Cytokines culture media (IU/ml) Solution 50X(IU/ml) IL-2 80 4000 IL-4 2.5 250 IL-6 160 8000 IFNγ 40 2000 IL-1β 301500

Cell phenotypes using the enrichment and expansion process, includingwith the expansion phase cytokines, are disclosed in PCT/US2018/051971(titled CELL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC T CELLS FORADOPTIVE THERAPY). PCT/US2018/051971 is hereby incorporated by referencein its entirety.

Enrichment and expansion of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)-specific Tcells using the methods of the present disclosure are shown in FIG. 3.The graph on the left in FIG. 3 shows the total number of CD8+ T cellsgenerated from fresh PBMCs of four healthy donors after the T cells wereenriched and expanded ex vivo for AML-specific antigens WT1₃₇₋₄₅,WT1₁₂₆₋₁₃₄, PRAME₄₂₅, Cyclin A1₂₂₇₋₂₃₅, and Cyclin A1₃₄₁₋₃₅₁. The graphon the right in FIG. 3 shows the percentage total of the acute myeloidleukemia (AML) specific antigens after the CD8+ T cells were enrichedand expanded ex vivo. The results in FIG. 3 demonstrate that asignificantly higher proportion of AML-specific CD8+ T cells aregenerated by the methods of the present disclosure compared to otherEndogenous T cell therapy derived cellular compositions.

Cells were then characterized in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B for theirphenotype, either naïve T cells (T_(N)) (CD62L+, CD45RA+), centralmemory T cells (T_(CM)) (CD62L+, CD45RA−), effector memory T cells(T_(EM)) (CD62L−, CD45RA−), effector memory RA+ T cells (T_(EMRA))(CD62L−, CD45RA+), and T memory stem cells (T_(SCM)) (CD62L+, CD45RA+,CD95+). Greater than 95% of the AML specific T cells enriched andexpanded ex vivo from donor lymphocytes were of the memory T cellphenotype. Greater than 60% of the E+E generated T cells were of the Tmemory stem cell phenotype and central memory T cell phenotype. Also, asdemonstrated in FIG. 4B, the E+E system generated consistent memory Tcell phenotypes across all donors. The E+E process also generatedsignificant amounts of multiple myeloma-specific T memory stem cellsfrom two different healthy donor leucopaks. (See, FIG. 8 and FIG. 9A) InFIG. 9A and FIG. 9B, the multiple myeloma-specific antigenic T cellswere enriched and expanded in batch to about ˜1.6×10⁹ CD8+ T cells,based on hinge dimer staining.

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B show that AML specific T cells enriched and expandedex vivo have a high degree of polyfunctional phenotype, includingintracellular staining for IL-2 (proliferation and memory), IFN-γ(activating other T cells, memory, upregulation of MEW), TNF-α(pro-inflammatory), and CD107A (granzyme release, cytotoxic activity).The majority of AML-specific T cells (i.e., about 62%) demonstrated 3-4effector functions upon non-specific stimulation (FIG. 5A, top). In FIG.5A (bottom), the graph shows the percentage of T cells expressing IL-2,TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD107A. In FIG. 5A, the T cells were generated bynon-specific stimulation of peptide-pulsed T2 cells. The results of thisexperiment show that for the majority of the E+E generated AML-specificCD8+ T cells, at least 3 or 4 cytokine effector functions were observed.In FIG. 5B, T cell-mediated tumor specific killing of AML cell line U266is shown at two effector to target (E:T) ratios, 10:1 (left bar) and20:1 (right bar), from fresh PBMCs of healthy donors for the AMLspecific antigens. The results of this experiment show that E+Egenerated CD8+ T cell compositions from healthy donors have a robustkilling activity across multiple E:T ratios.

FIG. 6 consists of four graphs comparing the specificity of Mart-1specific T cells generated by the enrichment and expansion processdisclosed herein between melanoma patient derived PBMCs (top) andhealthy donor derived PBMCs (bottom). The enrichment and expansionprocess produces a consistent cellular composition regardless of thedonor source. The data in this experiment was generated from frozenPBMCs.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing that the AIM ACT based E+E process generated aTCR repertoire that mimics the natural immune response, therebyproviding a robust adoptive therapy from a natural T cell repertoirethat has undergone natural selection. The breadth of the polyclonal TCRrepertoire enables a natural and durable immune response.

FIG. 8 shows that the E+E process generated significant amounts ofmultiple myeloma antigen-specific T memory stem (TSCM) cells ((CD62L+,CD45RA+, CD95+). The graphs show the phenotype of multiplemyeloma-specific antigenic T cells pre and post expansion from a healthydonor leucopak. FIG. 9A shows the phenotype of T cells enriched andexpanded ex vivo in batch for multiple myeloma antigen-specific T cellsfrom a healthy donor leucopak. The graphs show that the E+E processgenerated significant amounts of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells (˜1.6×10⁹CD8+ T cells based on hinge dimer staining) that comprise T memory stem(TSCM) cells, central memory T cells TCM, and effector memory T (TEM)cells. FIG. 9B shows the phenotype of T cells enriched and expanded exvivo in batch for multiple myeloma antigen-specific T cells from fourdifferent multiple myeloma patients. The graphs show that the E+Eprocess generated significant amounts of antigen-specific CD8+ T cellsthat comprise T memory stem (T_(SCM)) cells, central memory T cellsT_(CM), and effector memory T (T_(EM)) cells. This data demonstratesthat PBMCs from clinical patients has the same phenotypiccharacteristics as PBMCs from a donor, and significantly, the E+Eprocess is effective for generating significant amounts ofantigen-specific CD8+ T cells that comprise T memory cells (e.g., Tmemory stem (TSCM) cells, central memory T cells TCM, and effectormemory T (TEM) cells).

FIG. 10 shows production of γδ T cells using the E+E process. Both Vδ1and Vδ2 TCR subtypes were observed. The clinical significance of γδ Tcells in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)has been reported, and in particular, where higher frequencies of γδ Tcells after transplantation are associated with favorable outcomes. SeeBerglund et al., Expansion of Gammadelta T cells from Cord Blood: ATherapeutic Possibility. Stem Cells International Vol. 2018. As shown inFIG. 11, the % γδ T cells at Day 14 varied, with the average being fromabout 15% to about 50% γδ T cells. The number of γδ T cells at Day 14broadly correlates with the number of γδ T cells at Day 0.

In the following experiments, characteristics of the expanded T cellsare evaluated in terms of identity, purity, phenotype and specificity.Summary characteristics for lots enriched with anti-multiple myeloma(MM) antigen peptides and lots enriched with anti-leukemic antigenpeptides are shown below.

TABLE 4 Lot-to-Lot Comparison of Identity Parameters and Contribution ofαβ and γδ T Cell Sub-populations* % αβ % γδ Leukopak % CD3⁺CD4⁻ %CD3⁺/CD8⁺ T cells T cells Multiple Myeloma L163 98.1 79.5 85.8 14.6 L16591.2 59.8 60.5 38.9 L179 96.6 48.3 48.9 49.5 SV12 98.0 29.7 29.0 71.5SV13 98.0 42.7 37.0 59.0 SV14 94.5 38.8 46.7 47.4 L136-1 93.2 87.9 89.34.9 L136-2 92.4 86.7 89.8 6.3 L137-1 98.3 57.0 53.5 44.0 L137-2 98.658.6 55.7 42.0 L138-1 96.5 59.2 57.2 38.2 L138-2 97.2 55.7 50.6 44.4L144-1 93.1 89.8 90.9 3.2 L144-2 90.1 87.2 87.8 3.5 L145-1 97.0 56.052.4 44.0 L145-2 98.0 63.0 60.4 39.5 L146-1 97.0 56.0 56.0 37.1 L146-297.0 57.0 56.0 41.3 AML L162 98.7 61.9 66.4 26.4 L164 99.2 68.8 46.537.8 L167 99.6 54.1 48.8 48.6 SV9 97.6 82.9 78.8 17.3 SV10 86.0 30.638.3 41.1 SV11 98.5 81.4 87.1 10.0 L132-1 94.2 72.3 69.6 20.2 L132-293.4 71.6 70.3 22.0 L133-1 93.2 74.3 63.5 19.7 L133-2 92.8 75.2 64.317.5 L134-1 99.0 80.9 78.5 18.5 L134-2 99.3 83.6 78.3 18.9 L140-1 97.241.7 33.3 65.3 L140-2 96.4 48.5 41.0 55.0 L141-1 97.5 58.0 54.0 42.7L141-2 99.2 57.0 52.0 45.0 L143-1 98.3 60.5 76.7 23.8 L143-2 97.7 69.069.1 30.3 L147-1 95.4 68.4 60.9 37.0 L147-2 96.0 66.0 58.2 39.0 L161-198.4 87.7 85.0 12.9 L161-2 98.3 86.7 85.0 12.1 *Numbers for CD3⁺CD8⁺ andTCR subtype analysis were generated from different samples. Differencesbetween CD3⁺CD8⁺ and αβ T cells are due to different samples anddifferent FCM gating strategies.

In the following experiments, phenotype is the measure of the total % ofmemory T cells relative to CD3⁺ cells. The memory T Cell populationscharacterized include T stem cell memory (T_(scm)) and T central memory(Tcm) populations, both of which retain the ability to proliferate andself-renew as well as T effector memory (Tem) cells. The remainingpopulations characterized include Temra and Tnaive cells.

TABLE 5 Lot to Lot Comparison of Phenotype: Tnaive, Tscm, Tcm, Tem,Temra Leukopak Total % Memory T cells % Tnaive % Tscm % Tcm % Tem %Temra Multiple Myeloma L163 97.8 0.04 9.4 27.9 60.4 2.2 L165 97.7 0.0611.4 39.5 46.9 2.2 L179 95.1 1.07 9.89 53.12 32.1 3.81 SV12 99.0 0.0111.0 41.0 47.0 1.0 SV13 98.0 0.90 11.0 58.0 29.0 1.8 SV14 94.4 0.14 20.947.3 26.2 3.4 L136-1 96.26 0.2 5.06 38.7 52.5 3.54 L136-2 95.88 0.1 4.5837 54.3 4.02 L137-1 92.40 4.6 5.0 33.6 53.8 3.0 L137-2 93.40 4.0 4.232.1 57.1 2.6 L138-1 94.78 0.6 15.4 37.82 41.56 4.65 L138-2 95.13 0.516.5 40.47 38.16 5.02 L144-1 93.71 5.7 8.52 44.57 40.62 0.56 L144-296.91 0.7 3.3 35.15 58.46 2.37 L145-1 96.56 0.1 3.01 38.3 55.25 3.31L145-2 97.39 0.07 3.04 44.86 49.49 2.53 L146-1 86.91 4.42 6.58 15.1865.15 8.67 L146-2 88.95 3.76 3.44 8.10 77.41 7.29 AML L162 94.86 0.096.86 42.43 45.57 3.02 L164 71.5 0.05 13.33 33.24 43.94 9.45 L167 95.80.3 9.35 29.19 57.26 3.87 SV9 98.54 0.26 6.19 57.40 34.95 1.20 SV1097.89 0.43 5.73 31.88 60.28 0.70 SV11 95.48 0.08 23.75 23.99 47.74 4.43L132-1 92.82 0.2 5.34 24.3 63.18 7.17 L132-2 93.33 0.2 5.13 22.76 65.446.68 L133-1 92.92 0.7 8.93 27.52 56.47 7.07 L133-2 92.97 1.1 7.66 28.4356.88 7.03 L134-1 94.4 0.2 3.4 11.3 79.7 5.4 L134-2 92.2 0.1 3.6 8.879.8 7.7 L140-1 95.8 1.8 1.6 43.7 50.5 2.4 L140-2 96.1 1.8 1.7 42.8 51.62.1 L141-1 96.93 1.15 2.07 47.47 47.39 1.94 L141-2 95.22 1.85 2.33 39.1353.76 2.92 L143-1 93.5 0.03 6.1 24.34 63.06 6.47 L143-2 93.47 0.03 7.7928.57 57.11 6.5 L147-1 93.8 0.34 3.4 26.5 63.9 5.8 L147-2 94.2 0.52 3.223.5 67.5 5.5 L161-1 97.21 0.22 7.2 43.49 46.52 2.56 L161-2 95.97 0.137.3 34.86 53.81 3.9

As demonstrated by the experiments described above, the CD8+ T cellcompositions disclosed herein directly engage with T cell receptors onnaïve and memory T cells to trigger a desired immune response. The CD8+T cell compositions, which are generated by the enrichment and expansionprocess are composed of a multi-antigen specific, CD8+ restricted, Tcells from an endogenous repertoire. The antigen-specific CD8+ T cellcomposition includes T memory stem cells. T memory stem cells andcentral memory T cells are instrumental and critical for both initialand long-term clinical responses. The antigen-specific CD8+ T cellcomposition have a polyfunctional phenotype, as assessed by effectorcytokine production and target cell killing. The E+E process alsogenerated a natural immune response driven by a diverse TCR repertoire.In addition to the robust population of αβ T cells, a significantpopulation of γδ T cells were also present in the expanded population,which included both Vδ1 and Vδ2 cells. γδ T cells are believed toprovide additional mechanisms of pathogen or cancer cell killing, whichare not HLA dependent.

1. An isolated cell composition suitable for adoptive immunotherapy, thecomposition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier: atleast 10⁶ CD8+ T cells specific for one or more target peptide antigens,and comprising T memory stem (T_(SCM)) cells.
 2. (canceled) 3.(canceled)
 4. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein thetarget peptide antigens are tumor associated antigens, tumor derivedneoantigens, or tumor specific neoantigens.
 5. (canceled)
 6. (canceled)7. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, comprising CD8+ T cellsspecific for at least five target peptide antigens.
 8. (canceled)
 9. Theisolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein the cell composition is atleast 90% T cells.
 10. (canceled)
 11. The isolated cell composition ofclaim 1, wherein at least 10% of the CD8+ T cells are specific for atarget peptide antigen. 12-14. (canceled)
 15. The isolated cellcomposition of claim 4, wherein the cell composition further comprisesCD8+ T cells specific for bacterial, viral, and/or fungal pathogens. 16.The isolated cell composition of claim 15, wherein the CD8+ T cellsspecific for bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens include T cellsspecific for antigens of influenza, CMV, EBV, and/or adenovirus. 17.(canceled)
 18. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein theCD8+ T cells are from about 1% to about 50% T memory stem cells. 19.(canceled)
 20. The isolated cell composition of claim 18, wherein theCD8+ T cells are at least 5% T memory stem cells. 21-22. (canceled) 23.The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein the T cells specificfor the one or more target antigens are at least 15% T memory stemcells.
 24. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein greaterthan 95% of the CD8+ T cells comprise a memory phenotype.
 25. (canceled)26. The isolated cell composition of claim 24, wherein the CD8+ T cellsare at least 30% central and effector memory T cells.
 27. The isolatedcell composition of claim 24, wherein the CD8+ T cells are at least 50%central and effector memory T cells, or wherein the CD8+ T cellsspecific for the one or more target antigens are at least 50% centraland effector memory T cells. 28-30. (canceled)
 31. (canceled) 32.(canceled)
 33. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein theCD8+ T cells are less than 20% terminally differentiated, and whereinthe composition comprises less than 30% naive T cells (T_(N)). 34.(canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. The isolated cell composition of claim 33,wherein the composition comprises less than 15% naive cells. 37-38.(canceled)
 39. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein atleast 10% of the CD8+ T cells display a polyfunctional phenotype uponactivation. 40-41. (canceled)
 42. The isolated cell composition of claim1, wherein the cell composition is less than 10% CD4+ T cells. 43-46.(canceled)
 47. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein thecomposition further comprises γδ T cells. 48-52. (canceled)
 53. Theisolated cell composition of claim 47, wherein the γδ T cells compriseVδ1 and Vδ2 cells.
 54. (canceled)
 55. The isolated cell composition ofclaim 1, wherein the composition is produced by enrichment of CD8+ Tcells specific for the target peptide antigens from source cells; and/orexpansion of CD8+ T cells specific for the target peptide antigens fromsource cells. 56-62. (canceled)
 63. The isolated cell composition ofclaim 55, wherein the antigen-specific T cells are enriched by aAPCshaving an MHC class I ligand and optionally a co-stimulatory ligand.64-65. (canceled)
 66. The isolated cell composition of claim 63, whereinthe enrichment is magnetic enrichment with paramagnetic aAPCs, andwherein the cells and aAPCs are optionally incubated in the presence ofa magnetic field for at least one minute, and wherein the enriched cellsare expanded in culture for from 1 to 4 weeks. 67-68. (canceled) 69.(canceled)
 70. The isolated cell composition of claim 66, wherein thecells are expanded in culture in the presence of one or more cytokinesor growth factors selected from MIP-1β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7,IL-10, IL-15, IL-21, and INF-γ. 71-79. (canceled)
 80. The isolated cellcomposition of claim 70, wherein the cells are expanded in culture inthe presence of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β.
 81. The isolatedcell composition of claim 1, wherein one or more target peptide antigensare selected from peptide epitopes of Survivin, WT-1, PRAME, and CyclinA1.
 82. The isolated cell composition of claim 1, wherein one or moretarget peptide antigens are selected from peptide epitopes of PR3,XBP1-US, XBP1-SP, CD138, CS1, NY-ESO1, SOX2, EBV, Influenza, CMV, RHAMM,Mart-1/Melan A, gp100, CMVpp65, and Influenza Matrix Protein M1.
 83. Anisolated cell composition suitable for adoptive immunotherapy, thecomposition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier: atleast 70% CD8+ T cells and less than 5% CD4+ T cells; at least 5% of theCD8+ cells are T memory stem (T_(SCM)) cells; at least 30% of the CD8+cells are central and effector memory T cells; less than 10% of the CD8+T cells are terminally differentiated T cells; and less than 10% of theCD8+ cells are naive cells. 84-97. (canceled)
 98. A method for treatinga patient with cancer, comprising administering the cell composition ofclaim 1 to a patient in need. 99-104. (canceled)
 105. (canceled)106-113. (canceled)
 114. A method for making a population of γδ T cells,comprising, expanding a population of T cells in the presence of two ormore of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-1β. 115-127. (canceled)